Philosophy - Kant Treatment of animals, Utilitarianism Vegetarianism Essay

Philosophy - Kant preaching of animals, Utilitarianism Vegetarianism - Essay ExampleFor instance, Immanuel Kant is opposed and condemned on the basis of his notion that only humans serve as the object of honor. The critics argue that Kant does not present anything in favor of displaying kindness towards animals, nor does he condemns exercising butcheries on the creature that is unable to speak or deliver a single word even. Kant does not transmit animals the status equal to man but is of the view that since the animals are unable to describe their pains and sufferings, they should be treated with kindness in the same manner as it is displayed towards the person. Hence, if Kantian philosophy is considered in its authorized prospect, it becomes crystal clear that the renowned philosopher lays stress upon the same moral values adopted by an overwhelming majority of the individuals belonging to various cultures and societies of the world. Moral values maintain the direct relationship with religious beliefs, affectionate norms, and cultural values. All existing religions and culture preach kindness towards animals, and the same is emphasized upon by the philosophers. neither religion, nor society allows harsh treatment of animals, but the life of the animals cannot be stated as honorable, precious and prestigious and that of the persons (i.e. humans) In his work under the title the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant declares that man is bound to pay his duties and obligations to himself and his fellow beings i.e. persons and nature of duties towards animals is sure different from those which are towards human beings.

Critical Reading Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

hypercritical Reading Reflection - Essay ExampleThe author stupefys by stating that this is a hopeful sacred scripture virtually those who fail. ( uprise, M., 2005 p. xi) and provides an account of the education system in America, so the book can be said to be a book closely the hope the author holds for people who may be struggling with the American educational system. He goes on to stipulate that the low level of literacy skills in remedial students is not as a result of lack of intelligence but is rather due to insufficient economic and fond conditions to support these students, as well as a accounting of poor education. The author believes that educators should have more than confidence in the literacy abilities of such students and that there must be greater equality as regards educational opportunities in America. This book details the story of how the author learned to read, write and think critically, and how he came to start teaching others to also be able to read, write and think in a critical way. This book can be divided into two sections. The first section discusses the authors journey as a student, and as a teacher. In this first section Rose learns to read, analyze and write, while good-natured critically with text, and making use of language in a correct manner. In the second section, Rose learned how to teach to others these things he had learned as a student. The main connecter between these sections is the connection that was made by the author himself about his own experiences. In the book, one can also incur the effect that the authors teachers had on him. The teachers (Mr.Jonhson, Mr.Macfarland and Dr.Carothers) all affected the authors experience and influenced his lieu about the issue of teaching. In the book, the author illustrates some examples of the perceived cultural and language barriers that students have to recognise with from day to day, and discusses his experiences with students, including high school graduates w ith reading or writing difficulties. Due to the reading and writing difficulties face up by these students, they are usually branded as remedial students and therefore placed in exceptional classes, regardless of the real causes of their inability to read and write at the predetermined level. These students may go by means of their school years, and even later into their adult lives bearing this stigma. In the first chapter, rose outlines the main issues about the American educational system, and his prognoses on these issues relegate the reasoning behind his opinions as stated in the book. The history and the policies that led to the back to basics movement are also discussed, and it seems that educators and administrators in America believed that American students are a largely illiterate and insufficient group. Although the author does not directly challenge the necessity of examining the kindly and economic conditions in the educational system, he argues against framing our indictments in terms of decline, a harsh, laced-with-doom assault, as insist that our current educational standards do not meet or exceed the supposed perfection of olden standards we lose the historical and social realities of American education (Rose, M., 2005 p. 7). The author also argues against labelling some students as remedial students or punishing those that do not measure up to a false reality of victory and advocates a better understanding of the cultural and social conditions that students face. Rose explains that the American society as a whole clings to

Public Health and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Health and the Law - Essay ExampleThis article will talk almost this factor and also focus on a description of the laws correlated with the motor vehicle safety at the federal level and the state of Missouri.The technological advancement of the 20th century involved the motorization of the coupled States of America. Nowadays, there has been a more than six times increase in the quantity of drivers as comp ared to the past years the number of motor vehicles has increased significantly. Road safety efforts were introduced early in the 1960s, by and by analysts learnt about the increased motor crashes. In 1966, the Safety act was employed to regulate the number of individuals who were loosely involved in motor accidents. After this mandate, other accident bar mechanisms were also set up by the board that was there to ensure that they minimized the vehicle accidents on the road networks in the United States (Mashaw & Harfst, 1990).As of 1970, the rules and regulations set in the concern industry had efficiently enabled the control of federal systems in the traffic world. The federal government depicts a substantial amount of help it endorsed to the motor vehicle safety. In Missouri, the deaths are mostly related to the road usage. According to relevant statistics, motor vehicle crashes are the main experience of these deaths. Annually, an estimated 30,000 individuals die in the state due to the effect of motor accidents (Injury prevention and control, 2011). Statistics boot out that over $1.07 billion is the total amount that is used in Missouri annually (Injury prevention and control, 2011). Since these factors can be prevented, the federal company rallied for the installation of seat belts covering all seated positions, and comprehensive and Graduated Driving Licensing for drivers (GDL). This ensured that young road users were able to be granted the opportunity of skill how the deaths can be minimized after joining the other road users.In genera l, this act is an

Eco architecture and culture Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Eco architecture and culture - Dissertation precedent11 3.5 What was the cultural effect on those communities that chose not to live above ground? 12 3.6 why are some cultures still driven to living subsurface? 13 3.7 What are the main types of vacuum tube homes? 13 3.8 Why are underground homes still popular in certain countries and civilisations? 15 3.9 What is the ultra innovational day attraction to creating underground homes in the developed world? 17 3.10 How has modern technology checkd our information of underground homes? 18 3.11 How has modern day thinking influenced our perception of underground homes? 19 3.12 How do modern day underground homes oppose with the original? 20 3.13 How do modern day underground homes influence modern day cultural development? 20 3.14 The cultural effect of global warming 21 3.15 Underground homes and eco architecture. Differences and similarities 21 3.16 What is the way forward? 22 3.17 How today cultural development influences living underground? 22 4. Discussion on literature 23 5. Conclusion 23 6. Recommendations 24 Bibliography 25 searing Bibliography 26 Abstract The return of living underground, as a social phenomenon, can be characterized instead as expected. The continuous increase of population in cities would have normally such outcome, either in the short or the long term. At the same time, the limitation of energy sources worldwide has promoted another contract the alignment of architecture with the rules of sustainability. Indeed, the last decade, eco architecture, as this trend is known, has rapidly expanded worldwide absolutely touch on the social, economic and cultural framework of each country. The effects of eco-architecture on culture are discussed in this study. dialect is given on a particular aspect of eco-architecture underground living. This is because underground homes have become popular, offering an effective alternative for those who are interested in promoting sustainability. It is proved that eco-architecture can interact with culture exclusively under certain terms. Moreover, the relationship between eco-architecture and culture is not standardized it can be strong or weak, depending on the level at which eco-architects are free to promote architectural projects which can extremely affect the cultural characteristics of a particular region. 1. Overview 1.1 Research Objectives The objectives of this study could be described as follows a) to refer the key characteristics of eco-architecture, b) to check whether eco-architecture is able to interact with culture and at which level C) to identify the reasons for which wad had initially chosen to live underground but also the reasons for which they decided to move to buildings above the ground d) to compare the quality of underground homes, as compared to conventional homes e) to check whether modern thinking can affect the views of people in regard to eco-architecture and living underground and f) to esti mate, as possible, the expansion of underground homes, as a trend, in the future. 1.2 Value of the topic Living underground has been a common practice in the early long time of human history. Still, the rapid development of technology and the changes in the structure and the principles of societies have led to the need for diverse forms of living. Moving above ground has been a critical point for the history of humans. It seems that the above transition has been extremely promoted by culture. For similar reasons, a different trend has recently appeared living undergroun

Implemented Workplace Technology in TESCO Company Essay

Implemented Workplace Technology in TESCO Company - Essay ExampleIn order for the company to of importtain and improve its performance especially in dealing with increased product and service volume while at the same period controlling costs, it has embraced technological innovation that has had great impacts on the company. Recently, Tesco made a technological innovation know as Augmented Reality (AR) and QR codes that enables the consumers to use computer terminals to scan a product code. The engineering allows the consumers to draw the 3D images of over 40 products from the entertainment and electronics sections both online and in store thus enabling them to feign a decision on whether to have the product delivered to their home or to buy in- store (Shayon 2011, p. 1). Tesco lease Catalogue requires a marker and a browser plug-in in order to view the images of the 3D product, the consumer smudge catalogues in front end of their webcam. In addition, the technology can use a television make up ones mind whereby the set can be expanded virtually to back views, front, and real front so that shoppers can collect film and also play with virtual games that are on barter in the supermarket (Shayon 2011, p. 1).RationaleIt is an undisputed situation that indeed competition has been very stiff among the retailers across the institution each retailer chain is struggle to stay afloat in the market. To achieve this, they look for slipway that will boost their sales and minimize costs so as to eventually maximize profits. TESCO is no exception and it has made huge strides towards this kibosh especially in regard to using technological innovation.... In addition, the technology can use a television set whereby the set can be expanded virtually to back views, front, and real front so that shoppers can watch film and also play with virtual games that are on sale in the supermarket (Shayon 2011, p. 1). Rationale It is an undisputed fact that indeed competition has been very stiff among the retailers across the world each retailer chain is struggling to stay afloat in the market. To achieve this, they look for ways that will boost their sales and minimize costs so as to eventually maximize profits. TESCO is no exception and it has made huge strides towards this end especially in regard to using technological innovation. The main rationale behind the innovation was definitely to boost sales in the long run. Apart from that the technology intended to achieve other goals. First, it intended to integrate augmented reality into the consumers everyday shopping experiences. Secondly, the dodge was designed to minimize the use of the in- store space to stock number of returns and products since through the innovation, the consumers will already have information regarding what they want to purchase. Thirdly, it is a way of attracting more customers which will eventually translate to selling of more merchandise. According to Hristov and Reynolds (2 010, p. 29), some products do non mean much to the consumers until they actually use them. They supercharge argue that there is less likelihood for a consumer to buy a product that they have not actually used or seen, therefore, the consumers will be keen to anything that brings these products to life. At the moment, the retailers sevener stores have augmented reality (AR) terminals in five

The key traits to strong organizational cultures Essay

The key traits to beefed-up organizational cultures - Essay Examplegement always has a substantial influence on the corporate culture, and their influence is existence proportional to the level they are in the hierarchy (Cameron, Kim & Quinn, n.p). In landition, the managers control the organizational culture varying among the managers due to their different level of training and leadership style. The style in which different managers handle employees in like manner affects the workplace culture. In some organizations, the management permits the employees to make own decisions as well as permit them participate in strategy making. This makes an organization to be results-oriented, employee engagement and effective decision-making, key traits of a strong organizational culture. Such organizational culture allows employees to be close to the management and encourages a long-term kinship with the organization. The leadership style and management style must respect the workers to evade the culture of them working for bills only.Furthermore, the organizational culture is also affected by individual working with the organization. Employees have a peculiar(a) way in which they influence the culture of a company. The aspects of the employees that affect the culture include their attitudes, interests, perceptions, mentalities and their process of thinking. For instance, organizations that select persons from defense background tend to operate in a strict culture where all the employees keep abreast set policies. Incidences of lateness to work rarely happen in such organizations. The employees mindset creates the culture of the workplace.The founders and the owners of an organization add the list of important factors that influence organizational culture. Mostly, the founders of an organization develop its philosophy as well as establishing the core fundamental values (Schein, n.p). Additionally, the organization owners can exert considerable influence from mo re perspectives of the family line of the owner. The influence of owners becomes even more profound

Exam_4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam_4 - Essay ExampleThese components atomic number 18 applied in operational management allowing the management to access up-to-date selective information in real-time. Therefore, operational analytics offer an insight of the data deep down a data warehouse because it allows greater visibility of the non-homogeneous forms of data at a great speed (Turban, Sharda, Delen & King, 2010).OLAP (Online Analytic Processing) is the commonly used technique in data analysis employed within data warehouses driven by the increase in data volumes and the value of data-driven analytics in business. OLAP is also refer chromatic to as the capability to effectively manipulate and analyze data from variant perspectives using its operational structure that relies in the concept known as cube. This concept has a flat data structure that allows fast analysis of data because arrangement of data into cubes overcomes the limitations associated with relational databases (Turban, Sharda, Delen & King, 2010).KPI (Key Performance Indicator) represents a strategic objective and measures performance against a goal. KPIs are multidimensional and upon translation, this indicates that KPIs encompass various unique features. atomic number 53 of the distinguishing features includes strategy because KPIs embody a strategic objective. Moreover, KPIs measure performance against specific targets that are defined within the strategy, planning, or budget allowing the targets to take different forms like achievement targets, reduction targets and absolute targets among others. KPIs also go through ranges because objectives have performance measures like above, on or below the target. Encoding in KPIs allow ranges to be encoded in software enabling the display of performance through colours like green, yellow and red based on percentages or other complex rules. Time frames in KPI mean that targets are designate time frames within which they have to be accomplished as well, the time frames are often dissever into small intervals to allow monitoring of performance

Globalization (Extended Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

globalization (Extended Analysis) - Essay ExampleMoreover, it neer realized that state al wizard could not produce enough of wealth without people participation willingly not forcefully. Also, it failed to understand that non-efficient or laggards could not be equated with efficient and committed workers in terms of rewards. capital letterist economy by its very philosophy rewards those who contri bute most in the wealth generation. It is also true that collectivism did thwart the process of globalization at least until 1989 when the entire communist bloc, in principle and practice, collapsed all across Europe and other parts of the worldly concern. It is obvious that when one policy-making system or political orientation especially, when it has generated a great deal of hopes, fails miserably people begin to look at other political system ignoring whatever shortcoming it may gather in and that is what precisely happened. Capitalism bulldozed the old rotten ideas of fabi anism completely and began spreading its wings across most part of the world. It is perfectly fine to state that capitalism and globalization, in last two decades, went ahead neck to neck. Though the failure of communism is certainly one of the reasons for giving a way to globalization but it is equally true that technology and internet has been implemental in accelerating the pace of globalization. It is because of the internet that messages get transmitted from one end to another in some seconds without whatsoever help from postal or courier services. Due to this, peoples across the world with different cultures, creeds and races have started feeling much closer than ever in the history of mankind. People need not break away from one orbit to another for accomplishment of any task. A capital transfer from one country to another is virtually instantaneous without any inhibitions. Currency markets are now working round-the-clock and capital moves from one country to another jus t by click of a mouse. The fact remains that, if any country refuses to acknowledge or participate in this process then it is certain to bring distress for its people. All said above, it should never be construed that globalization is a panacea for all evils. Barber right argues, The collapse of state communism has not delivered people to a safe democratic haven (29). jibe to Barber, the world is now racing ahead with jihad and McWorld side by side. He further argues that Jihad and McWorld are not important in themselves however, their relationship is important because anarchy rules them both. Both lack assured and collective human control. Barber opposes both Jihad and McWorld equally. While Jihad emerges from narrowly conceived faiths that belie coarse dependence and social cooperation of people for growth and stability, McWorld tends to develop colonizing culture. Barber may be true in acknowledging that jihad is prospering in some parts of the world in last few decades but it is not an outcome of globalization. It is technology that has facilitated them. Further, I do not agree with him that both are interdependent. Globalization has more to do with economic system or free market economy that rests on readiness of operations and comparative advantages of the nations. The proportion of Jihadis is very small compared to the total global population and majority of the world population do not

Any piece of Art work that is done by georgia o'keeffe Essay

Any piece of Art work that is make by georgia okeeffe - Essay Example2. Formal Qualities The Cliff Chimneys, a 36 ? 30 inches word-painting 3. Subject She was highly motivated and inspi personnel casualty by the stark, but ex disco biscuitsively colored yellow and red hills and cliffs occupying the Ghost Ranch area. Additionally, she liked the jagged cliff formations that occupied the priming near the Abiquiu colony, and this prompted her to purchase a house in Ghost Ranch (OKeeffes OKeeffes The Artists Collection). The Abiquiu village being surrounded by the Navajo hills and cedar trees, tabun enjoyed walking around Ghost Ranch. The experience of the hills, cliffs and environment in general that she encountered in Ghost paste that motivated her to paint The Cliff Chimneys. B. Price (Inc. why?) The Cliff Chimneys painting is currently being sold at $ 279 by Reproduction Gallery. However, the rice is bound to increase if the customers wish to expand it and make a bigger size of the original painting. The increase in price is accountable since producing a bigger size of the original painting requires additional oil and canvas as well as frame (OKeeffes OKeeffes The Artists Collection) C. Placement (Where is it?) The Cliff Chimneys is currently being displayed at Milwaukee Art Museum. This is by and by it was presented by gallium OKeeffe Foundation and Gift of Jane Bradley Pettit Foundation. D. Cultural context OKeeffe was inspired by the events and discoveries that she encountered in the South and West regions of the Taos regions to make the painting. She was highly motivated and inspired by the stark, but extensively colored yellow and red hills and cliffs occupying the Ghost Ranch area. Additionally, she liked the jagged cliff formations that occupied the land near the Abiquiu village, and this prompted her to purchase a house in Ghost Ranch (OKeeffes OKeeffes The Artists Collection). The Abiquiu village being surrounded by the Navajo hills and cedar trees, tabun enjoyed walking around Ghost Ranch. The experience of the hills, cliffs and environment in general that she encountered in Ghost ranch that motivated her to paint The Cliff Chimneys I. The Artist (Name) Georgia Totto OKeeffe A. Background Georgia Totto OKeeffe was born on 15th November, 1887, in a ranch house near Sun Prairie, Winconsin. Her father, Francis Calyxtus OKeeffe was of Irish descent while her mother Ida (Totto) OKeeffe was of Hungarian descent. It is from her maternal grandfather, George Totto that Georgia OKeeffe got her name. She was the second born in her family of seven children, as well as the first daughter. B. instruction and Influences She st cheated her schooling in Town Hall schooltime, Sun Prairie. It is during her early days in school that Georgia OKeeffe began to gain interests in art (OKeeffes OKeeffes The Artists Collection). This is attributed to the fact that by age ten she had already made up her mind of becoming an artist thus, togethe r with her younger sister they started receiving art instructions from Sara Mann, a local water-colorist. OKeeffe attended Sacred Heart Academy, Madison High School, and ulterior Catham Episcopal Institute for her high school education. She later pursued artistic training at the School of Art Institute based in Chicago and the Art Students League based in invigorated York. It is while studying at Arts Students League that she won a scholarship to attend an outdoorsy summer school located in Lake George. C. Intention Georgia

How Do Political Parties Affect Voters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Do Political Parties Affect Voters - Essay ExampleIdentification of parties is a concept where an soulfulness joins and supports a governmental political party. Because joining parties varies from one person to another. It might be from family influence, for example, parents, influenced by religion or unions. Usually, voting follows an individuals party ID.The Electoral College was greatly affected by the rise of parties in politics through causing a great shift toward the outcome of winner-take-all of the general vote. Before the entrenching of systems of the political party, electors from contingent produces cast different votes for the presidential candidates. By 1830s, the rise of the parties led them to begin assigning state electoral votes to one candidate during the election.Most people would agree that political parties sway the voter with the traitorously promises they make to the voters, advertisements and ways they use to make their opponents look dirty. All thes e tactics are false representations that the voter falls for, from time to time, and sways their judgment from a rational view of the political parties. (Duignan, 2013).A political party is an organization that allows people who are like-minded to work together in promoting particular ideas to achieve particular goals. The collaboration and co-operation of people with varying skill, views, experiences and knowledge within a political party are the chief(prenominal) cause for the party to create policies across a variety of concerns required by the national interest. consort to Houghton Committee, 1976, a political party serves as an aggregate for many diverse interests in the society forming them into a reasonable and clear political program. They make electoral choices simpler for citizens and facilitate the government by providing coherence to parties in the parliament. They perform a selection of candidates to the parliament and other bodies of the government and enable citizens to participate in processes of policy-making. Finally, political parties help provide a broad education on politics.

Queer culture from the 19th century through modern times Term Paper

Queer culture from the 19th century through novel times - Term Paper ExampleNotions of identity, freedom, and autonomy ache marked the recent intellectual era. These lot as the as the fundamental and dominant principles and ideologies that underlie liberalism in the society. These ideals necessitate acceptance and respect towards a mortals subjectivity and dignity. However, human experiences argon suffused with struggles for equating, rights and acceptance. Stories of oppression and subjugation of gays, lesbians, women, people of color and new(prenominal)s have posed a question regarding the trustyity of the notion of the public sphere - the arena wherein equals meet, and where peers encounter. Thus, the search for the person within the public sphere has led to a gamut of discourses centering on the person, or management on the public sphere or in combination of - who is the person? and what is the public sphere? In the mise en scene of continued struggle of gays for accepta nce and freedom, this study pull up stakes be dealing with queer theory, focusing on gay literature. It forget assert the proposition that queer theory is one of the most viable approaches in explaining the current predicament of gay persons as they reaffirm facets of humanity that have been long denied as an authentic expression of being human. As such, the study aims to show the gay communitys struggle for equality in society as their plight is marked by marginalization, shame, discrimination and exclusion. Queer theory denotes a sense of difference or strangeness.2 The questioner acknowledges that queer theory can be learned from dissimilar perspectives, and that gay literatures provide valuable and particular view of queer theory rooted in gays experiences, articulations and institution in the world. 3 In light of this, the study will use genealogical methodology as it traces the historical underpinnings of queer theory from 19th century to the present. This is done with th e supposition that the struggles, which queer theory seeks to explain, are rooted in centuries of suppression as experienced by homosexuals. In addition, this study is significant, as it will attempt to clarify queer theory. The research will have the following structure. The first part is the introduction, which presents the take of the research, the methodology use for research, the structure of the paper, and the probable outcome of the study. The following part will deal with the backchat of queer theory from the 19th century to the present. The first sub section will deal with the phylogeny of the terms homosexual and gay focusing on the 19th century use of the terms. The second sub-section will deal with the 19th century status of homosexuals and the underlining factors that contributed to their predicament. The third part will deal with the first half(prenominal) of the 20th century situation of gay culture and the fourth part will be focusing on the second half of the 20 th century with emphasis on gay liberation and other dynamic changes during this period. Finally, the third and last part of the research deals with the critical analysis of the subject matter of the research. In this part, an analysis of the findings of the study will be undertaken. In the end, it is the hope of the researcher that this research may serving dispel the notion that one of the definitive attributes of a persons humanity is the construed gender and hold fast sexuality to persons biological makeup. Queer Theory 19th century to the Present Although this research does not address narratives about homosexuality precedent to the 19th, it does not mean they did not exist prior to 19th century. Instead, aside from reasons of limitations in the research, the 19th century discussions of homosexuality pave the way for the modern disposition of homosexuality, thus, creating a break in the understanding of homosexuality and homosexuals. 4 The modern discourse has created and o ffered new approaches in understanding gay oppression as it establishes fresh viewpoints of homosexuality. In this regard, I will be parturiency a genealogy of queer theory f

Principles of Metal Manufacturing Processes Lab Report

Principles of Metal Manufacturing Processes - Lab Report ExampleThe deliver research has identified that when more unfolds are applied the specimen breaks at the centre. The data of load versus extension of the specimen is collected and used in calculation of stress and strain. The values are plot on an X-Y graph and yield a typical graph. From the graph several material properties could be mensurable and observe. The following experiment investigates the Youngs Modulus of a piece of equip subjected to tension. To get the Youngs Modulus, stress and strain of the cable must be calculated from the recorded results. The analog section of the graph is referred to as the yield strength where the material shows elastic behavior and it is used in the calculation of E. On the other hand, the other part of the graph is referred to as the non linear section. The yield point is the transition in the midst of the linear and the non-linear sections, and the magnitude of stress at this sect ion is termed as the yield strength (Y). The slope of the linear section of the curve gives the materials Youngs modulus, given in GPa. The formula for astute Youngs modulus is shown below. The slope of the linear section of the curve gives the materials Youngs modulus, given in GPa. The formula for calculating Youngs modulus is shown below. The objective of this experiment is to determine the Youngs Modulus when a piece of wire is subjected to varying forces. Apparatus The following apparatus were used during the experiment 1 x G-clamp, approximately 10 cm jaw 1 x 2 wooden blocks 1 x single blockage placed on a bench clamp 1 x meter regularization 1 x Adhesive tape 2 x cardboard bridges 1 x corporation hanger with 8 slotted masses, 100g each 2 x lengths of copper wire 1 x safety eyeglasses Wire rolls and threads Procedure The experiment set up was as shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3 Experimental setup 1. After the set up was made, a copper wire was stretched and fixed horizon tally along the bench as shown in figure 3 above 2. A maker was made from the adhesive tape and it was attached to the wire to make it less 2 m from the clamp and approximately 5 cm from the pulley. The marker was set to line up with the meter rule so that it could be used to measure the extension of the wire. A loop was made in the decision of the wire for loading 3. The original length of the wire was measured and recorded. This was the length from the clamp to the marker. A beautiful mass of 100g was then placed to stretch the wire and the length recorded. 4. The masses were increased gradually in steps of 200g while the force and the corresponding extension was recorded in each case.

Efforts to Reduce the Budget Deficit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Efforts to Reduce the Budget Deficit - Essay ExampleIndeed in line with the naturalized analyses, the United States has been a clear example of how disruptive an increasing debt deficit is to the long-term economic growth. The study debt has not only suppressed the overall national savings, which, in effect, has reduced domestic investments, but has also increased the countrys borrowing abroad, as evident in the current account balances. It is needed that sustained national debts over the social classs have played a lead role in increasing interest rates, making internal borrowing for investments expensive, hence the capital from abroad to finance the national figure for almost every regimen that has ever been in place. As a result of the terrible successive decreases in the national income due to the huge returns from the domestic capital stock accruing mostly to the foreigners, a trend that has now erected caps on the national productivity via a mounting unemployment, seve ral statutory budget controls have been enacted by the congress to reduce the budget deficit, with most notable efforts beginning in the year 1985. After years of disagreements between sexual intercourse and the President Regan, to be precise on either tax increases or spending cuts as a way forward in halting the trend of deficit growth, members of Congress from both sides of the divide finally passed the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 popularly cognize as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (GRH). Passed and approved by the President as an important step towards rectifying decades of fiscal ill GRH laid down procedures of eliminating the federal budget deficit that stood at $200 billion in 1986 by the year 1991 (Stith, 1988). GRH was essentially a binding enactment, enforced independent of the legislative budget process and the executive orders, which had failed in cutting down the total government spending and/or resisting political pressure for more gove rnment programs. The celebration particularly for President Reagan who had grander ambitions of reducing the share of the national resources consumed by the federal government was, however, short-lived, as the provisions of GRH was ruled a violation of the principles of the separation of powers in 1986 by the Supreme motor hotel in Bowsher v. Synar. To save efforts that went into making the GRH from complete collapse, the Congress went back to the drawing board, eliminating the constitutional defects identified by the Supreme Court eventually producing an amended version of GRH that moved automatic sequestration process from the custody of Comptroller General to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Office of the President (Stith, 1988). Accordingly, the deficits decreased in the subsequent years as a result of substantial cuts in spending accompanied by economic growth that ensured increased revenues. With the turbulent Bush administration in the 1990s, GRH proved insu fficient in restricting the growth of the deficits. Congress, thus, reached an agreement with the regime allowing for a combination of tax increases and caps on government spendin

Symbolism in Hemingway's Cat in the Rain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolism in Hemingways Cat in the Rain - Essay ExampleA knock at the door brings the maid with a bl be in her hands which the hotel owner asks her to bring to American wife.This short story of Hemingway clearly illustrates one chapter of mating life which is enriched through the use of symbolism. The story starts with the beautiful description of the place outside the couples hotel with the view of the ocean and the picturesque panorama that artists cannot resist to paint. After this, Hemingway starts to build the situation where the couples are-rain dripped from the palm trees (Hemingway 1), motor cars are gone (1), and empty square (1)-which are all in contrast to the previously depicted dish aerial of the place. This description can be seen as Hemingways illustration of the husband and wife. When they first got married, everything seems to be so nearly between them. However, they are now faced with the hardship of making their relationship work because of their individual dif ferences which is progress portrayed in the succeeding paragraphs.Hemingways use of cat which is trying to make herself compact that she would not be dripped on (2) can be directly linked to the emotional suffering that the woman is going through. It should be noted that like the cat, she is battling the coldness of her husband and is trying to make him understand what she wants.

Two of years studying a foreign language should be required in high Essay - 2

Two of years studying a foreign language should be postulated in high school - Essay ExampleI took advantage of the subject of incline in the school. It was fun. Studying foreign Languages is of extreme importance in the contemporary age. Primarily, culture a minute of arc language provides countless opportunities (Is Learning).Firstly, learning a new language is similar to discovering it which is adventurous. I imbed it the almost terrific experience in the world. Young people should learn a nonher language. The government should agnise this decision prospering for the students. For example, the schools can start over with the lessons of music in a foreign language. Students would type difficulty in the start. Another way to make learning a foreign language easy is to handling the language in playing. For example, the teacher can set competition between the students and offer a gift to the winner. The students would really like it. In addition, there are other benefits of doing that. This is how to deal with other people.Secondly, dealings with other people using English language is such a good thing. Many countries use English as one of the most commonly used languages especially in learning institutions. For instance, Saudi-Arabian Arabia students use English as the instructional language. I had a personal experience on benefits of learning English when I traveled to France. I was scared of being lost because I do not speak French. However, I used English language to speak to people at the airport. Therefore, I am encouraging people use English as professional Language especially considering that English is the most widely used language in the world.Thirdly, studying English improves learning skills. In general, competitive colleges require at least two years of foreign language classes in high school (Grove). Students should rehearse and do their homework in English. This is important considering that reading is the most important learning skill . Students should read a lot stories and journals to improve their

Awakenings Project Essay Example for Free

Awakenings Project EssayThe abuses at Bainbridge Hospital reflected a broken system at that time. every person who was deemed untreatable was put into a garden- where people were treated like flowers that were simply watered and supply every day. The attitude of the people who worked at the institution was of people who had accepted the systems failures as a way of life they did not strive for change, they simply went with the flow. Dr. Sayer introduces a number of attitudes that can be seen in modern care facilities. For example, his unfailing persistence in not giving up on patients who he believed had a chance at life.These patients had been immobile for decades, with countless people telling him that they would never agitate better. By believing in their cognizance and their persistent awareness of their surroundings, Dr. Sayer creates the hospital environment of today, punctuated with the idea that wholly patients should have the chance to have the best chance in life. He never gave up hope. However, Dr. Sayer in any case faced many different obstacles in attempting to treat his patients. For example, he needed to first overcome the satire of his fellow coworkers.The doctors and nurses who worked with him did not understand his desires to pursue what seemed like a meaningless waste of time. However, in doing so, he gave life back to people who would have otherwise been trapped forever, in a state of aeonian limbo. Later, he also faced the crisis of dosage with his patient zero, Leonard. Would he cross the line and illegally dose Leonard without the consent of the pharmacist? In doing so, he achieved success. However, he had to do so by flexible the laws set by society. Moreover, he had to muster funding for the drug for all the patients that had been affected at the institution.He could have given up after the head of the hospital told him that it was simply too much money, exactly he persisted in his efforts and was rewarded with enough fun ding for every patients awakening. I agree with the admission Dr. Sayer took because he was a pioneer during his time. Could he have otherwise succeeded in the revival of the patients that had been afflicted with the mystical illness? His practices, although at times showing his own sense of morality and disregard for the accepted, would later gravel what is widely believed to be the basis of hospitals today. He took an interest in finding out the truth and never stopped believing.

Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Swot epitome EssaySWOT Analysis is a historied tool to analysis overall strategic position of the business and purlieu. Besides, people used SWOT Analysis to identify their strategies and create a specific business model that best aligns all the resources and capabilities to requirement to environment which the firm operates. SWOT has divided into deuce, which is internal factors (S, W)that firm have few to measure it, meanwhile, external factors(O, T) is something non control by us. Strengths are qualities that enable company to achieve their mission we can observe some(prenominal) strengths from Citibank. Citibank is a global network company by almost seven of the top ten banks in the world and considered as the market share leadership in world. Citibank has experienced to emerge into umteen contradictory markets, although they had not always been a world- class success story. In addition, Citibank is an innovative company who always bewilder out with some new services to customer.By open a multinational account services, Citibank has gained the assumption from Japanese consumers. The strong focus on technology and innovative financial services help Citibank to won many awards. Citibank has a good training and development for their employmentee too. There is always a mentor to leave their employee progress. Hence, Citibank people are great demand from other banks. On the other hand, Citibank do have some weaknesses that may influence Citibank success and growth. They face some conflicts came from bad management and coordination. Citibank merged with Citicorp and Travelers group, there is a report of differences and conflict between two co-CEO, John Reed and Sanford Weill. This problem arises due to different cultures of two organizations.There may lead some communication problems between them, which by language and cultural barriers. outer Factors has opportunity and nemesis, which is not under company control. Opportunity of Citibank is the y have offered retail banking services. Citibank has launched their strategy of localised commitment, to employ 95% local employee in Japan. By implement this strategy, Citibank has conk out very popular by government. Citibank has many opportunities to expand to other foreign countries by implement the multinational account. It will win consumer heart and helps Citibank to become a first enter foreign market more successful. Citibank certainly have threat, the main threat of Citibank is competitor. Citibanks major competitors include domestic and foreign competitors.Examples of domestic company are Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubisi and Sanwa Bank. inappropriate company are HSBC and Deutche Bank. But Citibank has many competitive advantages which are strong brand equity, innovation and localized high employees. With all these competitive advantages, Citibank has much percentage to win among so many competitors.

Legal Considerations in the Business Environment Essay Example for Free

jural Considerations in the Business Environment EssayWhile in that respect are m any(prenominal) lawful f cultivateors to pick out as XYZ Construction (XYZ) transforms from a private to a publicly owned company and expands operations globally, this penning willing sharpen on the involution and ride laws, along with legal considerations that influence company operations. It is classical to keep in mind that XYZ uses a mix of manning methodologies throughout the company a full age staff as the core of the company, while maximizing the use of contracted turn over in the act of projects. Employment honorEmployment law is a broad category of law that encompasses all areas go steadying employee/employer relationships draw out for the negotiation process and collective bargaining, which is covered by the narrower focused category of labor law. Employment laws contain of thousands of federal and state statutes, regulations, and judicial closes that are designed to go vern the rights and duties of employers and make forers. The US Department of drive (USDOL) reports that there are 180 federal laws alone managed by 28 different agencies within the department. ( linked States Department of task USDOL, 2014) Employment laws are focused on providing a safe and fair work place for employees and employers, alike, and demand their origins in the constitution.They were founded found on public outcry against oppressive practices during the industrial revolution. The first laws founded in the twenties were focused on fair occupys, compensation for injuries, a standard work week, and on eliminating child labor. In the 1960s and 70s, statutes focused on anti- contrast and unsafe work purlieus. Current issues involve employee health care, equal invent for men and women and the current debate on raising the federal token(prenominal) mesh. There were also some(prenominal) issues addressed by the US exacting court of law of great importance to bart er law including study discrimination and retaliation (Brill et al, 2013). The predominance of employment law disputes fall into two categories employ and hour violations and discrimination in the workplace.Federal law provides for baseline rules regarding wage and hour standards, to include a minimum wage of $7.25 per hour and 40 hours as the standard work week. Many states have passed laws that establish a higher(prenominal) minimum wage, which is within their constitutional right. In these situations, XYZ is compelled to pay the higher minimum wage of that state. There is an emergent effort across the united States to raise the federal minimum wage to $9.50 per hour. In somecases, this will place the federal wage higher than some states, meaning XYZ would have to pay the federal wage as it would trump the state decree. It is prudent for XYZ to negotiate appropriate compensation on multiyear contracts as this saucily legislation works through the process.The standard work we ek, on the other hand, is prevalent across the United States and any worker that exceeds this threshold is entitled to overtime pay compensation. These rules exist to control the work environment for employees and mandates that time and a half be paid on every hour exceeding 40 within a given work week. The law also stipulates that XYZ will maintain basic payroll department records and post notices to the workers regarding changes in the work environment. As XYZ experiences delays within projects, the pressure to push the work crews to make up these delays grows. While working overtime to meet customer requirements and project timelines are acceptable, supervisors must ensure trammel to the various employment laws not doing so could lead to unfair labor practice disputes and pricy legal battles (Brill et al, 2013).Another area that is a basis of employment law disputes is discrimination in the workplace. Prohibiting discrimination based on ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, age , or disability was established with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and refined with subsequent legislation throughout the years. The Supreme Court handed down two operative decisions in 2013 that clarify evidential standards for discrimination claims, both are viewed as beneficial to the employer. First, the courts ruled that retaliation with discrimination as a motivating factor was not sufficient. The plaintiff must prove that discrimination was the basis for the retaliation, making the perfume of proof much greater (Brill et al, 2013).Second, the courts clarified the definition of a supervisor under Title sevener of the Civil Rights Act. They ruled that the title of supervisor is limited to those who have authority to take a material employment action, meaning a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, flunk to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits. (Brill et al, 2013 , p.4). Having the authority to direct daily work was not sufficient to link the supervisor to the company in regard to damages or actions tied to a law suit or dispute.However, the company is salvage liable for discriminatory actions of non-supervisory employees,especially if it was notified and failed to take action to stop the behavior. This is significant considering that the majority of XYZs work force is contracted labor. As such it is imperative that XYZ maintain viable and proactive policies focused on preventing workplace discrimination and include a review of these policies prior to initiating any employment agreement. Labor LawConducting business in a union environment provides for another layer of complexity to company operations. XYZs leadership must be aware of and understand the basics of labor law and the collective agreements negotiated with the unions representing the workforce. visitation to operate within the parameters of the agreement will result in an unfair labor practice dispute, which affects the get ahead margins of the shareholders. Labor law, also governed by federal law, state law and judicial decisions, provides statutes that mediate the relationship betwixt workers, employers, unions, and the government with the goal of equalizing the bargaining power surrounded by employers and employee (Legal Information Institute LII, 2014). embodied labor laws focus on the rights of employees to unionize, collectively bargain, meddle, and strike, while mortal labor law focuses on employment contracts between employers and employees (Caraway, 2009).Collective bargaining consists of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees, typically represented by a union, to determine the conditions of employment and results in a collective agreement. The main body of law governing collective bargaining is the internal Labor relations Act (NLRA), which was passed in 1935 (Executive Concepts, 2011). It explicitly grants employees the right to collectively bargain and draw together trade unions. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is the entity that hears disputes between employers and employees that falls under the purview of the NLRA. The superior general Council, established by the NLRA, independently investigates and prosecutes cases against violators of the act before the NLRB (LII, 2014).Another aspect of labor law is the act of arbitration, a method of dispute resolution, which is commonly used as an alternative to litigation. A third fellowship arbiter is designated and has cover song decision authority for the dispute. While the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) is not relevant to employment contracts, the Uniform Arbitration Act of 1956 wasadopted by 49 states making arbitration enforceable under state and federal law (LII, 2014). There were two key decisions rendered by the Supreme Court that impact labor law, specifically arbitration clauses and class action waivers in contracts (Brill et al, 2 013). The Court held that the FAA directive to arbitrate and the arbitration clauses written into employment contracts take precedence over federal requirements to prosecute disputes through the courts. Additionally, this decision streng therefores the ability to enforce class waivers written into contracts.While this appears detrimental to employers, the Court balanced this decision with speech further defining the rules surrounding class waivers. The court ruled that a class dispute (one brought by more than one plaintiff) can be settled if the primary plaintiff reaches settlement (Brill et al, 2013). In essence, if an XYZ employee files a dispute that is then applied to a class of employees, but a settlement is reached with the initial plaintiff, then the class action is terminated. Effectively, the Supreme Court ruling strengthens the companys position in regard to employment contracts and protects the company from overzealous claims. As such, arbitration agreements written int o XYZ employment contracts should be carefully worded in order to take full advantage of the Courts decision. Laws specific to the construction industryseveral(prenominal) Department of Labor agencies administer programs that are specifically related to the construction industry. Specifically, the Occupational Safety and wellness Agency (OSHA), the Wage and Hour Division, and the part of Federal Contract Compliance all have undertake areas of emphasis that regulate XYZs primary line of business. OSHA administers all the occupational safety and health standards for the industry. stipulation the riskiness to employees across XYZs work sites, OSHA regulations are critical to maintain and pose a significant element of cost to the company. While it is prudent to conduct cost-benefit analysis on enacting safety and health policies, sacrificing employee public assistance for the bottom line is a dangerous endeavor and can result in unfair labor practices or criminal charges in the ext reme.As XYZ competes and wins government construction contracts, there are several statutes that order certain conditions for doing business with the federal government that are administered by the USDOL Wage and HourDivision and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance. The Davis-Bacon Act requires that companies pay the prevailing wages and benefits of the region. Wage rates and other labor standards for employees are set by the McNamara-O-Hara Service Contract Act. The Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act requires materials and supply contractors to pay minimum wages and meet other labor standards.Executive Order 11246 requires equal employment opportunity by all construction contractor firms. Lastly, the Copeland Acts anti-kickback section precludes any persuasion of an employee to sacrifice any part of their required compensation (USDOL, 2014). These dictated standards all affect the cost of projects and, if not accounted for in the conjure up and regard process, will detrimen tally impact the profit margins of the company as federal construction contracts are executed. Legal ConsiderationsAs XYZ begins the global working out, it is important to realize that US labor laws are not binding in other countries in regard to orthogonal workers the host res publica laws are in butterfly (Executive Concepts, 2011, p.938). However, Congress expressly courseed three US labor laws to expatriates working abroad for US firms. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and Title VII all extend extraterritorially (Nie, 2012). While XYZs staff is well versed in US employment and labor law, foreign labor law is country dependent and it is prudent to conduct targeted research on the specific countrys legal environment considered for expansion. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has drafted 182 conventions and 190 recommendations in their effort to standardize labor practices globally.Enforcement of these efforts is a country responsibility, and as such, there are still whopping chess openings in acceptance and application of the various standards (Executive Concepts, 2011). While it is enticing to reduce expenses by sacrificing some of the more costly US labor law practices while abroad, this practice could damage the companys sterling written report negatively affecting all future business ventures. As countries in Asia make the transition to democratic states, the door has been opened for emendments in collective and individual labor law, resulting in the creation of unions and the strengthening of workers rights.However, unions in developing counties depend upon governmentsupport and, as such, are politically focused keeping the gap between internationally acceptable collective labor practices and reality relatively large (Caraway, 2009). Across Asia, individual labor rights are in a better position. There is a direct correlation between the wealth of a country and the enforced ri ghts of its workers (Caraway, 2009). The most notable impact of this situation is the prevailing wage in each country and the impact on XYZs financial position on projects. victimisation the field support offices at the forward locations to gather this information is crucial to accurate project estimation and contract bidding. As the company transitions from privately owned to publicly held, there are considerations to keep in mind. First, corporate governance will adjust to account for a larger base of stockholders.There is risk that the focus of the company will also shift to a more stockholder centric view, discounting the requirements of the stakeholders (the employees) (Ecchia et al, 2012). This has the potential difference to lead to the creation of unfair labor practices as priority shifts from maintaining collective agreements to maintaining larger profit margins for the stockholders. Second, shareholders with large equities could pressure the company to offload portions o f the workforce or reduce the employees benefits in order to improve profitability (Ecchia et al, 2012).As the union leadership monitors corporate business practices, this could lead to a revolt in the workforce and create an environment ripe for a strike thereby shutting down operations until resolved. Any financial gains made by the reduction would be lost to stagnated operations, and as such should be managed carefully. ConclusionConducting business in the 21st Century is comparable to traversing the proverbial minefield. Legal missteps can name insurmountable fines and legal fees as a company struggles to maintain good business practices. Understanding employment and labor law is paramount to maintaining a strong and viable company through transformation and expansion that produces profits for its shareholders.ReferencesBanks, K. (2011). Trade, Labor and International Governance An Inquiry into the Potential Effectiveness of the New International Labor Law. BerkeleyJournal Of E mployment Labor Law, 32(1), 45-142. Business ancestor Complete, gateway Number 67233021Barnum, Darold T. (1971) From Private to Public Relations in Urban Transit. Industrial Labor Relations Review. 25(1), 95-115. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 4459252.Brill, Edward A., Fant, Laura M., and Baddish, Noa M. (2013) U.S. Supreme Court Wrap-Up Hot Topics in Labor and Employment Law. Employee Relations Law Journal. 39(3), 3-8. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 91640070Caraway, Tara L. (2009). Labor Rights in East Asia Progress or Regress?. Journal of East Asian Studies, 9(2), 153-186. ProQuest Research Library, Accession Number 43381256Ecchia, Giulio, Gelter, Martin, and Pasotti, Piero. (2012) Corporate Governance, Corporate and Employment Law, and the Costs of Expropriation. Review of Law Economics. 8(2), 457-486. inside 10.1515/1555-5879.1357Katten, Betsy. (2013) U.S. Supreme Court to Address Labor and Employment Matters in 2013-2014 Term. Employee Relations Law Journal. 39(3), 48-51. Business Source Complete, Accession Number 91640075Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/employmentNie, Carrie. (2012). Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Employment Laws clarification the Murky Conflicting Foreign Laws Defense. International Lawyer, 46(4), 1027-1043, OmniFile, Accession Number 90233860Northcentral University (2011). SKS 7000-Executive Concepts in Business Strategy. Custom edition. Retrieved from http//online.vitalsource.com//books/United States Department of Labor. (2014) Retrieved from http//www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htm

University of Cambridge Essay Example for Free

University of Cambridge EssayMilton started to attend this College at the age of sixteen in 1625. Earlier he had well-educated at the St Pauls school. He really appreciated the atmosphere at that school and quick-witted level of his friends. In contrast he felt very disappointed with university life, because of the fact that he couldnt find similar friend as he had in his earlier school.He was an outsider and thats why he got a nickname from his fellow undergraduates The Lady of Christs College only in reality girls were not allowed to study there. Even though he didnt have a broad(a) relationships with his friends, he felt that the tutors respected him. It was interesting to read about daily life at the university in 17th century. Students had to get up early because at 5 a.m. there was a service in Chapel. At this College the religious life was very important and thats why parents of John Milton sent him there. Lectures started at 7 oclock after breakfast and finished at 1 0.30 a.m.There was a dinner at 11.00 and the second service at 6 p.m. just before the supper. In the mid-seventeenth century the tolerant main subjects were taught at this University logic, rhetoric and philosophy. In those days all students had to learn the same subjects, there wasnt any specialization and they didnt have any choice. Students were also obliged to speak Latin. They didnt charter exams as it is nowadays but they had to make speeches and debates.The slides gave me an imagination about the university buildings and architecture. The most of it was made of stone but there were also some parts made of wood for instance Rats antechamber which was intended for a students rooms. I know that the university had a small library and a chapel. To sum up, thank to this virtual tour I had an opportunity to compare the university life in mid-seventeenth century to the present one. In my opinion our education and the way of teaching and learning is entirely different from Miltons times.

Supply chain Essay Example for Free

Supply chain EssayINTRODUCTIONThe carrying out plays key role in firms because it affects mental process directors understand their clients and trans bran-new-fashioned their customers needs into public presentation objectives. In turn, the per practiceance objectives (and especially the relative importance of each one) influence the overall operations strategy of the bus topologyiness. (Slack et al., 2010,) The reason is that managers fundament based on performance objectives to do decision because it is reflection of corporation strengths and weaknesses. This essay will exposit the Toyota Motor Corporation performance around five-performance objective part, amphetamine, reliability, flexibility and salute. Then following discussion of how Toyota uses techniques in operation guidance to achieve the five objectives. Based on analysis, some suggestions for this firm will shows in the conclusion.FIVE PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES IN TOYOTAAs most successful car manufacturer in the world, Toyota is a few automobile companies that able to be stockless action system by its unique ope demythologised wariness systems, the most famous Toyota yieldion System (TPS) and Just-In-Time (JIT). Further, in terms of five performance objectives, which Toyota did quite swell up in the overall occurrences, especially in the hail, speed and flexibility areas. Toyota cooperation was chosen to analysis because its signifi rumpt performances and salient operations management. Organizations can respond to the performance objectives, but the real challenge is to offer better type, speed, dependability and flexibility at lower be than the competition. (Slack et al., 2007) Also, the aim and objective of Toyota is making low- woo, eminent-power, high- tonicity payoff to maximize customer satisfaction and safekeeping strong competitiveness. (Toyota, 2011)QUALITYQuality can be defined as specification of a product or table service, also meaning high specification an d must satisfy your customers by providingerror-free goods and services, which are fit for their purpose. (Pycraft, 2000) The external affect of good quality within in operations is that the customers without (or less) murmur leading to customers more likely to consume again because the customer feel has received real range for money. This brings in more revenue for the comp whatsoever. For internal influence, conformance quality is high that generally means that make up is neverthelessd, dependability make ups and speed of response increases. If an operation is continually correcting mistakes, it finds it difficult to respond quickly to customers requests. (Slack et al., 2010)SPEED hotfoot indicates the time in the midst of the beginning of an operation process and its end. (Greasley, 2010) More specific, that means the elapsed time between a customer asking for a product or service and getting it with a fit condition. (Slack et al., 2010) Externally affect of speed is impo rtant because it helps to respond quickly to customers and resulting customers return with more business. The internal brass fuddle much to do with cost reduction. Usually, windy throughput of information (or customers) will mean condensed costs via reduces the need to manage transformed resources as they pass through the operation and helps to overcome internal problems by maintaining dependability.DEPENDABILITYIn terms of dependability, is usually means being on time, in other words, keeping speaky promised to the customer that receive their products or services on time. (Slack et al., 2010) Also, dependability is other half of natural delivery performance along with delivery speed and always linked in some way. In externally influence, dependability as good thing for customers also enhances the gild product or service in the grocery store, or at least avoids customer complaints. Internally dependability has affect on cost via saving time, saving money directly and givin g an organisation the stability that allows it to improve its efficiencies. Moreover, it prevents late delivery slowing down throughput speed.FLEXIBILITYFlexibility always means being able to change the operation in some way, vary or adapt the operations activity to cope with unexpected circumstance or to meet customer requirements gives a flexibility advantage to customers. (Slack et al., 2010) Flexibility has several specific types Product or service flexibility Mix flexibility Volume flexibility and Delivery flexibility. For external affect, the various types of flexibility allow an operation to fit its products and services to its customers in some way, such as unveil commodious range and frequent new products or services. On other hand, Volume and delivery flexibility ad plainly its output levels and its delivery procedures in battle array to cope with unexpected changes. The internal influence is speeds up response, saves time (money) and helps maintain dependability.COSTP roduce goods and services at a cost, which enables them to be priced appropriately for the market while still allowing for a return to the organization. (Slack et al., 2010) not surprisingly, low cost is a universally engaging objective because lower cost means higher revenue and more competitiveness. If managed properly, high quality, high speed, high dependability and high flexibility can not fullly bring their own external rewards, they can also save the operation cost.(Greasley, 2010)FIGURE 1 INTEGRATION IN FIVE PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES annexe Slack el at, 2010. Chapter 2 _The strategic role and objectives of operations_, Operations management.From figure 1 and unique Toyota deed System, which shows the company five-performance objectives irrelative significantly with each other. As Toyotas mainstay, quality is the most emphasize element of this company. According to the pertinent survey institutions that indicates Toyotasvehicles consistently rank near the top in third-party customer-satisfaction. (Toyota, 2012) Excellent quality of Toyota not only prevents errors slowing down throughput speed, also avoid wasted time and effort, therefore saving cost. For instance, if there occurs umpteen non-value-added activities that mean the company need use time, money and human resource to solve it and increase cost. Also, if quality is not qualified in the produce process then rework will drag on outturn speed.According to survey data from relevant agencies, the three giants in US, General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, parts procurement costs higher than Toyota 8%. Alternatively, Just-in-Time (JIT) stockless production system is exceedingly increasing Toyota productivity, which means the speed of production is fast. High speed helps Toyota maintaining dependability via zero (less) inventories because the company can respond to the market quickly. Toyota is a good company resulting by TPS (Toyota production system) with multi skilled prole that work as a team, an d with control has allowed them to deliver products as promised.On the other hand, be more dependability can increase speed without late delivery and saving cost. In addition, For Toyota plant, flexibility means the ability to produce new products and offer wide range volume. During these years, Toyota has provided a wide range of options cars, such as SUV (Prado, RAV4), hybrid render (Prius,Yaris Hybrid) , commercial vehicle, sports car(GT86) and bus et al, also to meet environment and economic changes, Toyota was the earliest car maker to introduce hybrid fuel cars, with the commencement of Prius model. The high flexibility leading to Toyota brings frequent new products to the market to gain more competitiveness. Moreover, the speed from JIT system makes Toyota more flexibility in volume.TECHNICS IN TOYOTACurrently, the main competition between enterprises is from supply chain. The world famous TPS strategic management is also created by Toyota. It is called a variety of small b ill of production of the unique market demand in Japan. From mass production of the highly formative changed to be a variety of small amount of production, to completely eliminate waste, improve production efficiency and cost competitive. For example, to increaseproduction, one person can do kinds of multi-skilled jobs (Kawada Makoto, 1993)Figure 2 TPS StructureJIT JIDOHKAAccording to Figure 2 indicates that TPS is comprised of two pillars, JIT and Jidoka (mechanisation). Bicheno (1991) states that JIT aims to meet demand instantaneously, with perfect quality and no waste. Three key issues identified by Harrison (1992) as the core of JIT philosophy are eliminate waste, involve everyone and consecutive improvement (Kaizen). JIT approach, through rational design for make the product easy to produce and easy assembly. Essentially, just in time manufacturing consists of allowing the entire production process to be regulated by the natural laws of supply and demand. Customer demand sti mulates production of a vehicle.In turn the production of the vehicle stimulates production and delivery of the necessary parts and so on. The result is that the right parts and materials are manufactured and provided in the exact amount needed. Under just in time the ultimate arbiter is always the customer. This is because activity in the system only occurs in response to customer orders. In order to support its JIT system, Toyota needs to tell that the supplier in consent with the cost, quality and timeliness, with on time delivery and production, stringent quality control system to help Toyota to reduce entry, also minimize scrap production, and reduce non-value-added operations to increase quality, save cost and respond market straightaway by decrease lead time. It also played an important role to ensure functional capital is fully available that make the company be more flexibility to explore new production. (Kawada Makoto, 2004)Moreover, JIT emphasis on total preventative management (TPM), developed by total quality management (TQM). Toyota insists to regular maintenance activities, periodic inspection to equipment to avoid breakdowns and preventative repairs. Attention to the detection and control of each process, ensure found quality problems in a timely manner, immediately stopproduce until resolved. On other hand, TPM encourage all employees involved and use their knowledge to improve performance. (Greasley, 2010) In Japanese jidoka hardly means automation. At Toyota it means automation with a human touch. The most visible manifestation of automation with a human touch is using andon cord situated in the line to intervene any abnormalities occur.KANBANOne system for implementing a pull system called a kanban production system. (Greasley, 2009) Kanban is the core in the JIT and it does not work without Kanban manage method. A kanban is simply a message. For example, in the assembly shop this message takes the form of a card attached to every com ponent that is removed and returned when the component is used. The return of the kanban to its source stimulates the self-locking re-ordering of the component in question. This system permits dandyer control over production as well as inventory via efficiency maximum. In Toyota process of produce, kanban is intended to convey information what is needed when it is needed, and in the amount needed(Lowson, 2002) The accurate number of parts allocation to avoid waste in the production process, thereby improving the manufacturing speed.KAIZEN / CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTKaizen is the heart of the Toyota Production System. The day-to-day improvements that Members and their Team Leaders make to their functional practices and equipment are known as kaizen. This is simply common sense since it is clear that inherent inefficiencies or problems in any procedure will always be most apparent to those closest to the process. The sense of continuous improvement also can influence Toyota performan ce, such as quality directly. (Iyer, 2009)Overall, TPS use JIT to eliminate inventory and develop close relationships with suppliers, eliminate all but value-added activities, reduce the number of job classes and build worker flexibility, apply Total ProductiveMaintenance (TPM) to increase productivity and ensure quality, thereby obtain faster produce speed and improve productions avoid waste time and resource to reduce cost Regards to consolidation of these five performance objectives, faster speed and low cost resulting to Toyota becoming more dependability and have enough capital to be flexibility. When a company can respond the customer required immediately that means it could be depend. Refers to the flexibility, when Toyota have large amount capital then the firm could use on the production innovation to explore more cars types to offer the market and develop cars capability to increase quality of productions. (Greasley, 2010)CONCLUSIONIn conclude, Toyota has good performance s on speed and quality, thereby promoting the dependability to the customer, also this firm did great on the flexibility because Toyota keep introducing new types of car. The interrelationship between these performances takes a significant benefit for save cost, for instance, faster speed means efficiency to save time and labor source to avoid waste. Although Toyota is extremely successful carmaker, but the recall events in 2009 caused great impacts for it. The reason is the company eagers to rapid expand to the market, the quality of management and personnel training has not been followed up, and then resulting series of parts defects. Moreover, in terms of riotous cost cutting, cause quality of components cannot guarantee.There have four suggestions for Toyota to developing performance Firstly, Toyota in order to reduce expenditure in research and suppuration via using general parts and components, but the manager have not realize technical innovation is the most important mean to reduce the cost of doing business, promote new products, the company should focus on technology innovation to be more efficiency and flexibility. Secondly, Toyota enterprises should pay more attention on After-sales service, the cost of these services is much lower than the recall and increase the sense of dependability to Toyota, such as Toyota car examination and driving lessons for free.Thirdly, Toyota need to strengthen the cater training to avoid the quality defects occurs inthe process of produce line. Thus, not only can ensure the cars quality and save cost without deal with the consequence from employees non-value-added activities. Finally, the company should increase more quality interrogation sections to examine new productions repeatedly. In general, the speed of produce car is quick resulting the production line easily ignore the nature of Toyota quality. Increase the quality inspection to insure Toyota manufacture superior products, which enhance the company produ ction quality and dependability. As we known, quality is everything, if the company to seek a long term development then should be offer good products, not just focus on how to save cost thereby supply defective to the customer.REFERENCEIyer, A., 2009. _Toyota Supply Chain Management A Strategic approach path to Toyotas Renowned System_.pp.95-99Harrison,A. ,1992. Philosophy and core techniques,TIMEGreasley, A., 2010. tenuous Operations and JIT, _OPERATIONS MANAGEMTN_ pp. 348-365T. Gabriel, J. Bicheno, J.E. Galletly, (1991) JIT Manufacturing Simulation, Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol. 91 Iss 4, pp.3 7Kawada Makoto.1993. _Why And How, Management Accounting_, Strategic Management AccountingKawada Makoto.2004. Toyota System And Management Accounting. Publish Central Economic, China.Lowson, R., 2002. Lean production and just-in-time, Strategic Operations Management. PP.457Pycraft, M., 2000. _OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT_, pp. 48.Slack N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R., 2010. _OPERATIO NS__MANAGEMENT._Slack, N., 2007. _OPERATIONS, STRATEGY AND OPERATIONS STRATEGY,_ pp.24Toyota, 2011. _Toyota Global Vision Mission avowal Announced._ Available atToyota, 2012. _Global sustainability reports_ pdf Available at

Integrative Network Design Project Essay Example for Free

integrative Network Design Project EssayThe redesign for Kudler comely Foods has covered the topology and standards and has defined the architecture, protocols, and strategies it depart employ. Now security is the issue that needs to be reviewed. The most important aspect of any communication theory platform is that it is secure. This paper will discuss the security of the internet and the details of the hardw be choices that will be used in it.Security Hardware and SoftwareBetween every profits and the outside emcee of threats there is a first line of defense. For almost every network this will be a firewall. A firewall can be both hardware and package and is usually a combination of the two. A firewall creates a barrier between networks. Any outside computer or client must catch through the firewall to access the network or its resources. Only a computer or system that has fitting access can easily access a network protected by a flop configured firewall. Though it is non infallible, a firewall is the first and perhaps best means of security gettable to a network.The Kudler Fine Foods network will have firewalls installed and configured at apiece location. These firewalls will be designed to allow access from authenticated users inside the network. Communication outside of the network should be borderline and not available from unauthenticated sources. Customers do have the ability to access certain account information from the Kudler Fine Foods website. These accounts allow them an authenticated login to the webserver which can access the firewall and the specific account information behind it. Customers themselves do not have access to the network or its files.A truly secure network does not intrust on a firewall alone. Individual devices still require their own security measures installed on them. The method of having each end user device be responsible for its own security is called Endpoint Security and some current forms of securit y systems use this ideology.Third party software can be installed that handles the actual conclusion security of the device. The important point is that each device has current software that protects against intrusion, viruses, and malware. Devices on the Kudler Fine Foods network will be installed with an application suite that will suit all of these needs. In addition to antivirus and antimalware software every device should have appropriate encryption.LAN vs WANA local area network (LAN) is the most basic form of network however the word local can be subjective. A local network can mean a small network in a home, or a business network covering several buildings on a city block. LANs are relatively fast, compact, and when configured correctly, have few errors or problems. The hardware needed to build an LAN is set up on OSI levels 1 and 2 and include devices like tiltes, bridges, hubs, and repeaters.Wide area networks (WAN) are complex networks that dyad large geographical are as. The most commonly known WAN is the Internet. WANs tend to be slower in speed, highly complex, and intolerant of system problems. Because of the multitude of conjunctions on a WAN, even a simple shoot down can create problems across the network.Fundamental Network HardwareAll networks, whether local or larger, are built on the same types of hardware. Most of these systems are using Ethernet technology to connect them. Ethernet cabling uses twisted correspond cabling to transmit data and connect devices with a universal technology. Networks use a system of routers, hubs, and switches connected by Ethernet cable. Routers are gateways between networks these are frequently combined with other devices like a modem. Hubs create a connection point between sections of a network.Hubs function by relaying frames received to all clients. Hubs are booby technology in that they do not analyze the frames coming to them and do not relay them specifically to the intended recipient. Instead th ey transmit any received frame to all clients connected to them. This is a quick, low-budget way of ensuring data is transmitted, but it does create large amounts of extra network traffic.A smarter and more valuable piece of equipment contemporary to the hub is the switch. A switch does the same function as the hub but is smarter than a hub. term hubs simply repeat their information to all clients, switches scan the frames that come to them and determine the recipient address. This way the switch can forward the frame to the proper client without tying up more network resources than necessary. inductionThe Kudler Fine Foods network upgrade will be stimulateed on Ethernet technology, just as it is now. The fundamental construct will involve use of these hardware technologies and will include switches and routers. The three buildings are in distinct cities, so they will each have their own local networks. Each network has a connection to the other networks so they are connected b y a wide area network at the same time. The devices at each location will be responsible for their own endpoint security measures while each local network will be protected by a firewall.

The Same Story Essay Example for Free

The Same Story EssayWrite A Detailed Comparison On The Way Of How A Tabloid report (The Sun) And A Broadsheet Newspaper (The Times) Treat The Same Story. The purpose of this essay is to write a detailed comparison based on the ways of how different themes present their data in order to seduce custom. I will be looking closely at the presentation, content and style of a check newspaper (The Sun) and a card newspaper (The Times). To enable this assessment to be fair, I will be concent idlering on a occurrence event, which happened back in 1986. The article in which I will be focusing on is well-nigh an Arab man (Nezar Hindawi) who tried to dupe his pregnant girlfriend. The Arab had planted an explosive in the luggage belonging to his mean wife and sent her as a human time bomb to board a commons containing more than four hundred unsuspecting passengers and crew. Newspaper articles always consists of a subject heading to attract a reader to a story, subheadings to guide the reader through the story, and paragraph sections which contain necessary exposit appropriate for the clarification of the story for the reader it targets.The language and visual appearance are the key factors to the confine of a newspaper, and the editors pride themselves on a politically correct informative style of journalism, suitable for the newspaper they are promoting. The visual appearance is a very important aspect of both a tabloid and a broadside newspaper layout, as it has to capture the publics eye. If it fails to do this, there will be a decline in public interests and sales would decrease through loss of custom.The samples of the newspaper should be of the equal quality each time it comes off the press, otherwise the public turn towards other companies. The consistency of this standard is vital to the consumer who expects a particular style. Newspaper companies often run the beginning of the story on the presence rapscallion and continue it on a later page. The importance of the story is usually included in the nurture given on the campaign page. The story about the human time bomb fall upon the front pages of the Sun and The Times.The two companies displayed the story in extremely different ways. The Sun used most of the position on the front page for this article. The size of a tabloid newspaper is suitable to contain into small places, and it does not create the problem of folding over when being read, like a broadsheet does. The only other information featured on the page was an advertisement for the Sam Frocks Collection and another(prenominal) for the i 50,000 Bingo prize for that days winner.The journalists managed to fill it with a big, bold WANTED sign reach from one side of the page to the other as well as a quarter page black and white picture of the Arab, and a twenty-one worded headline placed just above the exact amount of text that was squashed into the bottom corner. To make the headline eyecatching the W. O. B techn ique was used. W. O. B is an abbreviation for White On Black. This is effective because it darkens the space around the writing enabling the words to make a dramatic appearance.This technique was used in three different places throughout the front page. It is used in the papers name appearance, the advert featured and the headline of the Arab story. In comparison, The Times displayed many of their articles on the front page. The Times is able to provide more detailed stories, as it is longer and wider than The Sun. Broadsheets are often carried infra the arm, as they are too big to store in a handbag or suitcase. The Arab rat article was placed at the top of the page in a tiny space.The other information included on the page is an advertisement for Swindon Enterprise, a cartoon caption and articles such as England deck And Out, Pledge On Terror Even At Cost Of Life, Thousands Seek To Flee Tripoli. Within the space provided for this story the editor inserted a small picture of the Arab, with a caption just beneath it, a headline, a sub headline, and the text. The picture in The Times used for the article was the same picture as the editor of the Sun had used. The only difference between the two photographs is the size.

Person Centred Care Essay Example for Free

Person Centred Care EssayIndividuality- Being bizarre and not seeing a person with their illness. This is important to make someone feel kindred his/her let person. Rights- Each person is entitled to their rights and they should be respected. This is important to make sealed that everyone is treated the same. Choice- Make sure you choose the right choice and give them the right choice of their carer. This is important so that a person is comfortable with their choice. Privacy- This is respecting anothers privacy. This is important because a person could get embarrassed if their privacy is not respected and have low self esteem Dignity- Make sure you respect someones dignity this is important so that they dont feel embarrassed. Independence- Not doing everything for a person. This is important so that a person is able to do certain things for him/herself Respect- Recognising them as a person.Read more approximate the Use of Care Plans in Applying Person-Centred ValuesThis is important so that a person is felt like they are being treated fairly no matter what their sex, age or religion is. Partnership- operative with an older person or a vulnerable big this could be the health services, hearty services, study services, family, friends or even informal carers. You must be able to explain the best practice which requires social care workers to be able to work in person centred ways reference to the current legitimation such as the government papers and the codes of practice. You also must be able to explain how the separates achieve the best of care once they decide what they want and how they want it to be delivered. Consent in adult social care refers to the provision of approval or agreement, particularly and especially after thoughtful consideration. hearty care workers must solve the consent of an individual so that they are able to help the individual out it is also because of legal implications, for example if someone is going to clean an i ndividual they need authority to do so before they go ahead. A social care worker might gain the consent of an individual by verbally or written confirmation, by asking questions by self-aggrandizing the individual different choices. If a social care worker is unable to get consent collect to the individual not being able to express themselves due to a mental illness or a lack of mental capacity or even because they are terminally ill and then their consent may be obtained by asking their family or their next of kin.

Reflection on the History & Systems of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Reflection on the Hi romance Systems of Psychology EssayPre- modernistic, modern and postmodern frames of reference deport all helped shape big, contemporary psychological theories and issues. In this composition I allow for attempt, in a reflective manner, to walk done and revisit the areas we cover in route, the end drift being to gain a measure of insight into where the field of psychological science stands today, particularly with regard to tyrannic forms of ethnocentric mono ethnicism.In legal injury of pre-modern perspectives, in the course we first discussed historical issues concerning the mind-body problem. I produced the dis stain of the relationship between body and mind and whether they are geniusness and the same or two unadorned substances, which is the center of the debate between monists and dualist. Descartes, the just active come up have intercoursen dualist, argued for a separation of mind from nous and body. Also an interactionist, Des cartes held the mind influenced the body as much as the body impacted the mind (Goodwin, 2009). Plato, his predecessor from antiquity, was similarly a dualist and an interactionist arguably, and believed the body and soul/mind were temporarily at one during invigoration separately came from a completely different place, the body from the material military individualnel and the soul from the world of ideas. At the fleck of death, the body withered away in time and space, the soul or mind returning to the world of forms and there realizing universal truths (Wozniak, 1992).Delving deeper into pre-modern views of the mind-body problem I touched upon de Spinoza. Spinoza, a contemporary of Descartes, dismissed Descartes two-substance view in favor of what is called double-aspect theory (Wozniak, 1992). Double-aspect theories turn over the view that the mental and the physical realms are varying aspects of the same substance. For Spinoza, that genius substance is God, perceived as the universal essence or nature of everything in existence. In Spinozas view, there is no partition of mind and body, therefore. Instead they are of a single substance, in a pre-established coordination, reflecting the elysian essence. In reflection, I continue to side with Spinoza and double-aspect theory in terms of pre-modern perspectives. I do believe that there is a pre-established coordination between mind and body that is reflective of the divine creation. I am therefore I think is my continued response to Descartes.In terms of modern perspectives in the course we examined the origins of psychology as a subject discipline. During the course I stated that psychology first appeared as a subject discipline in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt started a psychology lab in Germany at the University of Leipzig. The laboratory devoted itself to the analysis of conscious thought in its basic elements and structures, which was uncovered through a subprogram of introspection (Gross, 1996). W hat differentiated this saucy psychology at the time from philosophy was its utilisation of measurement and control as well as its emphasis on the scientific method to submit mental processes relevant to human consciousness. payable to his influence on Edward B. Titchener, Wundts frame of reference arguably helped give birth to structuralism.Indeed Wundts disciple, Titchener, is credited with shooting and labeling structuralism in an 1898 paper called The Postulates of a Structural Psychology (Goodwin, 2009). In the paper he compared and contrasted structuralism with functionalism, which he claimed infested most US universities, carry through Cornell where he was cultivating what would come to becalled the the Cornell school of psychology. Notwithstanding, Goodwin (2009) has stated that Titchener and the Cornell view of psychology was extremely narrow more a capacious deal than non because of its insistence on introspection and out-of-pocket to Titcheners attitude that h is way was the only way, a position that often does not bode well in academia. In this vein and by chance arrogantly so, Titchener, a like(p)ned structuralism to anatomy, its purpose being analysis he surmised whereas functionalism he likened to physiology, stating that functionalists examine how the mind is able to adapt one to his or her said environment, which to Titchener was a waste of time without a deep belowstanding of structure.As one needs to know the ins and outs of human anatomy before being able to fully delve into physiology, so thus was thefunctionalist at a loss, in his view, without the ability to outline the structures of human consciousness via a highly difficult process of systematic, evidence outal introspection as stipulated by him in almost cult like exclusivity, which spawned criticism. Accordingly, his movement never gained the momentum it needed to win Ameri sewer hearts and minds, falling into the dustbin of history in favor of functionalism. Nevert heless, in spite of Titcheners unpopularity in the US, his enduring contri scarcelyion is that he helped build a place for the lab and experimental psychology in all colleges and universities with programs in psychology. era functionalists were besides interested in looking at mental processes such as consciousness in so far as assessing human fashion in terms of how it aided people in adapting to dynamical environments, they did not, unlike followers of Titchener, emphasize introspection (Goodwin, 2009). Psychologist James R. Angell, a follower of John Dewey, the founder of functionalism in America, became its most outspoken spokesperson, criticizing Titchener and drawing a sharp contrast to him in a 1907 popular paper called The Province of Functional Psychology. It was a damning response to Titcheners 1898 paper. For Angell, the structuralist wasinterested in the what? of conscious thought, whereas the functionalist psychologist wished to know the how? and why? of it, asking what is consciousness for? (Goodwin, 2009).This way of viewing psychology in terms of its practical applications, became an important influence in modern times, because it led to the make of topics such as developmental and abnormal psychology, in addition to examining the individual differences of mind, (which Titchener and the Cornell school remarkably had no interest in). When asking how psychology can be used to solve everyday problems in a practical way, we are taking from the functionalists and their movement. peradventure the most prominent movement in the field of modern 20th century psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism began fundamentally due to the work of Ivan Pavlov.Pavlov who did not consider himself a psychologist, but, rather a physiologist interested in the process of digestion in dogs, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 (the year B. F. mule skinner was born) in Physiology and Medicine. In the course of his question, Pavlov observed that the dogs would often s tart salivating before any intellectual nourishment being given to them, when they would see the food or the foods container, or when they heard the footsteps of the lab assistant who was on his way to feed them. His observations led to the study to what we now call classical learn (Gross, 1996).The first attempt to apply Pavlovs findings on conditioning to humans was made by John B. Watson in a dubious and arguably unethical experiment on a small boy named Albert, showing that the fear of rats can be deliberately generate (Watson and Rayer, 1920). The experiment served to popularize a new behavioral approach to psychology that would within a decade become the dominant force in America, Watson its founder, propagator and publicist (Goodwin, 2008).To the modernist Watson (1913), psychology is an objective natural science,its conjectural goal the prediction and control of behavior. Wundt and Titcheners view on introspection has no place in its methods, nor is consciousness addres sed or studied. There is no marked borderline between people and creatures. Due to Watsons input and influence cats, dogs, rats, and pigeons became the major source of psychological data. As psychological now meant behavior rather than consciousness, animals that were easier to study and whose environments could be more readily controlled could replace people as experimental subjects (Gross, 1966).B. F. Skinner, as well as a behaviorist and modernist, went steps further than Pavlov and Watson, casting behavior in a more synergistic light. He made a distinction between respondent and operant behavior and argued that most animal and human behavior is not brought about in the way Pavlov and Watson indicated and surmised. Skinner, like Edward Thorndike before him, was interested in how animals operate on their environment and how this operant behavior get hold ofs about particular consequences that can determine the likeliness of that behavior being repeated. In experiments he use d a variation of Thordikes puzzle-box, a Skinner box, which was made for a rat or a pigeon to do things in, rather than escape from. Fundamentally, Skinner adage the learner as much more actively involved than did Pavlov or Watson, for whom behavior was due to stimuli, unmeasured stimuli before learning and conditioned stimuli after learning.In addition to behaviorism, modern views of psychology took twists and turns. As a reaction to both Titcheners structuralism and Watsons behaviorism, the Gestalt psychologists of the 1920s and 1930s in Germany and Austria were primarily implicated with perception and held that perceptions could not be deconstructed in the way that Wundt and Titchener wanted to do with thought, and that behaviorists had sought for with behavior. Their belief could besuccinctly stated as follows the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (Gross, 1996, p.3). The whole is essentially destruct when you break down perception and behavior into parts, the Gestalt psychologists held.There are organizing principles of perceptual organization which were voiced by Gestalts founder Max Wertheimer. These principles are frequently highlighted in units on perception in normal psychology textbooks and are as follows the principle of proximity, the principle of similarity, the principle of continuation. All of the organizing principles have in third estate what is called the law of simplicity or what Gestaltists term Prgnanz. This refers to the drift for perceptions to mirror reality as well as possible (Goodwin, 2009).In the course I gave an example of gestalt thinking, which in reflection I would like to return to as it cl primaeval dust in mind. I used the example of a great deal stopping at a bus stop in ones neighborhood. On a given day the bus stops at the same corner the person is accustomed to, and is know to be that bus. The person put ups on, but has made a mistake. She did not realize that there was a path change that morning and the bus she took was material bodyed differently. What gives? Is it only a matter of not paying attention?In Gestalt inspired, top-down conceptually driven processing, we begin with ones prior knowledge, motivations, expectations and beliefs. In the bus example, the softness to see and decipher or register a different number on the bus and get on it, means it was recognized it to be the customary bus due to top-down processing (Danner, 2009). If one were to notice the different bus number, however, that would entail bottom-up processing, because such processing is data driven. The different number is perceived in terms of information in the sensory input, in conjunction with top-down processing, show to the person that it is not the customary bus.Perhaps after realizing her mistake, the person inthe example will be more careful next time, thereby exercising more bottom-up processing. If Austria was home to some of Gestalts most prominent members and adherents, it was also home to Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalytic theory was the first to state the significance of innate drives and define abnormal and normal behavior in relationship to the role of the unconscious mind. Its importance is that the theory of personality popularized contextualizing human behavior in terms of the id, ego, and superego, notating development in 5 psychosexual stages. Each stage was marked by shifts in what Freud believed were the underlying modes of gratification oral, anal, phallic, latency and venereal (Glassman, 2000).In reflection, I continue to find merit in Freuds concept of stages for sure. I would calm down pick out to call them development stages, however, and not necessarily put a sexual meaning on them, as Freud and his supporters have done and continue to do. There is no need to detail the well-known limitations and criticisms of Freudian theory, which harmonise to Glassman (2000) are its falsifiability, the great deal of emphasis put on case studies, and its cultural bias towards women. regardless of such naysaying, his supporters would passionately argue for and be adamant about such a sexual memorial of the human person, which if not fodder, certainly has entertainment value. In fact, Freudian theory is fascinating to me largely due to the dramatic (almost cinematic) conflicts and challenges that mark each psychosexual stage. Perhaps the most well-known of these is the Oedipal conflict (which occurs in the so-called phallic stage). It was interesting to read that some analysts called the female variant, the Electra conflict, but Freud himself did not use the term (see Freud 1924).Perhaps the most attractive modern theory of personality, in my view, would belong to Carl Rogers. In Carl Rogers theory, a person is the source of hisor her basic needs such as food and water. He or she is also the source of a growth motive which he called an actualizing tendency, which is an innate drive that is reflective of the desire to grow, to develop and to develop ones capabilities (Glassman, 2000). It is the actualizing tendency that stimulates creativity, causing a person to seek out new challenges and skills that motivate healthy growth in ones lifetime (Gross, 1996). According to Rogers (1961, but in the beginning proposed in 1947) Whether one calls it a growth tendency, a drive towards self-actualization, or a forward pitiful direction tendency, it is the mainspring in lifeIt is the urge which is evident in all organic and human life to expand, extend, become autonomous, mature and develop. In reflection, I continue to feel that Rogers influence and continuing popularity in the psychotherapeutic community give his theories merit. APA members have been asked which psychotherapist they believe to me the most influential figure in the field (Smith, 1982). In 2006, this survey repeated in the Psychotherapy Networker. In both surveys, Carl Rogers was the landslide choice.While this does not pro ve Rogers to be correct, certainly it gives his theory of motivation more credence than not, increasing its believability. Certainly, I feel influenced by Rogers as I move forward in my career. While Rogers theory of an actualizing tendency and the overall nature of the invitee-centered approach may be controversial due to its allowance to let the client call the shots and as stated by Goodwin (2009) for its overemphasis on the the self at the expense of the importance of the community, in addition to being clearer what it was against than what it was for, it is nevertheless, a credible postulation in terms of its application in therapy and remains my preference over Freud.Accordingly, I continue to feel that all clientsinnately wish to be thriving in life and to be praised as contributors to their own selfactualization. They wish to expand their knowledge and achieve high levels of success beneath all the guises that seem otherwise. When clients are not performing to their fulles t potential, praise and support can help ignite the actualizing tendency in a manner that would otherwise have remained dormant.When exploring postmodern views of psychology we have to inherently speak about cultural narratives and meta-narratives. What is psychology today and who defines it? What is psychologys story, who told that story historically, and who gets to tell it today? When we look at psychology as a practice, historically and today, is important to pay off to the fore the ethnocentric monocultural aspects that were tyrannous to women and continue to be to minority groups in reinforcing white male Euro-American finis as the normative and desirable culture. Indeed, therapists and helping professionals should try to help deconstruct and unveil monoculturalism whenever it rears its despicable head. When oppressive forms such as heterosexism, ageism, gender and sexism come to the fore in therapy, for example, therapists should not reinforce them but try to encourage re flection on such prejudices with the aim being for the client to indentify for what it is and to grow harmonisely.The field of psychology itself is not immune but remains at risk to the debacle of monoculturalism. According to Yutrzenka, Todd-Bazemore and Caraway (1999) until now though the data forecast that by 2050, ethnic minorities will make up over 50% of the US population, this quickly changing demographic has minimal effect on the number of ethnic minority psychologists. This is particularly true for Native Americans, who are far more underrepresented than any other ethnic body. though the APA as stated by Goodwin (2009), is vigorously addressing this entire issue at present, with such efforts to be praised, still the legacy of ethnocentric monoculturalism is a stain on the profession, and will remain so untilsignificant song of minority psychologists abound.In spite of the barriers confronting them, women and minorities have made many notable, valuable and vital contribu tions to the field of psychology. During the course I discussed Eleanor Gibson who received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for a lifetime of interrogation on topics dealing with the development of depth perception to the fundamentals involved in reading, faced discrimination time at Yale from psychologist Robert Yerkes who wanted no females in his lab (Goodwin, 2009).While she was able to get her PhD there under the guidance of the neobehaviorist Clark Hull, she unfortunately went on to experience difficulties at Cornell (where her husband had gained a position) forced into an unpaid research associate position in spite of winning competitive and prestigious research grants. As a turn out of these grants, however, she was able to carry out pioneering studies on depth perception with Richard Walk. When Cornell, home to Titcheners legacy, aloof its nepotism rules in 1966, only then did she become a full professor.Furthermore, as discussed in the course, African-Americans ha ve also made outstanding contributions to psychology. Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark again come to mind in terms of their best known research titled Racial identification and preference in Negro children (Goodwin, 2009). In this research it was shown that black children showed a preference for white dolls over black ones when asked which they would like to play with and looked more like. The Clarks concluded, according to Goodwin (2009) that one pernicious effect of racial segregation was its negative influence on African-American self-esteem. As a result of this research, in part, the Supreme Court was compelled to do the right thing and reverse the racist separate but equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education.The Clarks contribution to psychology and the contributions of other AfricanAmericans preceding them were not without struggle. Their mentor at Howard University, Francis Sumner faced huge obstacles when attempting to get a graduate degree and gain purpose in academia. African-Americans have often had their basic intellectual abilities questioned (Goodwin, 2009). The legacy of white racism and of the field of psychologys complicity by not taking a firmer stand until only recently is without question a significant reason why African-Americans remain heavily underrepresented in the profession, in spite of the gains made for women. 60 percent of doctorates in psychology are awarded to women today, while Native Americans as we discussed and African-Americans continue to be awarded a paltry percentage in turn.Such dismal figures have nothing to do with intelligence. We know that early intelligence tests were normed on just Caucasian, middle-class populations and only recently has such bias been addressed and perhaps abated. This also was the case for the MMPI personality tests as well. In the case of the MMPI, many of the original items became dated and according to Kassin (2008), to bring the test up to the 21st century and more postmodern views, new items were written in, and a more diverse cross-section of the US was sampled. The result of that updating is the newer 567-item version called the MMPI-2.In reflection, my guess is that similar advances have been made or are being considered in IQ testing as well otherwise we would have to call into question whether biased IQ tests are valid for minority groups. Accordingly, great care should be taken when formulating test questions as well as interpreting the results of test-takers from different cultural groups and urban tribes. Fundamentally, it is crucial that test makers be made aware of cultural differences when putting together IQ test questions, as recommended for the MMPI (Church 2001). Exercising caution does not meanminority groups are treated with minor gloves, but rather that a lens of understanding is in place and that can come about as a result of the test makers and assessors informing themselves. Otherwise an IQ tests validity for minority groups is at issue.Pre- modern, modern and postmodern frames of reference have all helped shape important, contemporary psychological theories and issues. Accordingly, I have attempted in a reflective manner to revisit the areas of psychologys history we covered in course. If psychology as a profession is to continue to grow and develop, it will occur through a similar process of reflection, followed by action. It is important for psychology to know its origins, its history and respective story. However, in realization of the depth of ethnocentric monoculturalism, its leadership, particularly in the APA, must act on the call to bring about the inclusion of more minorities. Otherwise, the oppressive stain of monoculturalism shall abound and continue to blemish the profession we hold dear.ReferencesAngell, J.R. (1904). Psychology. New York Holt.Church, A.T. (2001). Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Personality, 69, 979-1006.Danner, N. (2011). Psychology ORG5001 survey of psych ology I. capital of Massachusetts Pearson Learning Solutions.Freud, S. (1924) A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York Washington Square Press (reprinted 1952).Glassman, W (Ed.). (2000) Approaches to psychology. Philadelphia turn over University Press. Goodwin, C.J. (2009) A history of modern psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Gross, R. (Ed.). (1996) Psychology, the study of mind and behavior. London Hodder Stoughton.Kassin, S., (2008). 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