Charity Paper

endowment back to the community is very authoritative when a growing company like ours starts to become successful. Its corking that you are trying to support a philanthropic program, and In this e-mail I will give you Information about cardinal programs/Charles to support. The two nerves that I recommend are Penn prox and LEAD (Leadership Education and Development). Penn upcoming Penn hereafter Is one of the most effective environmental organizations In Pennsylvania. The nonprofit organization Is located In Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and was founded In 1998.The organizations foreign mission statement states that their m alone stopping point Is focusing on enforcing environmental laws to create a future where nature, communities and the deliverance thrive. The President, George Coving, is only compensated 4. 09% of the total revenue. The organization spends 77. 3% of its property on program expenses, growth, and fundraisers. Policies enforced by Penn Future are clean energ y, halo quality, water quality, and mining. The organization has been trying to achieve success In their mission to create a thriving community by replacing obsolete outdated rower sources with clean and renewable energy made in Pennsylvania.They withal are fighting factory farm pollution and monetary value from mining. Penn Future has been making sure that the government has been doing its part in maintaining a safe and healthy environment in the Trim-state area they have as well provided $2 million each year to tending protect the environment. humor change is becoming a big issue near the world, and Penn Future Is trying Its best to advocate for action regarding the Issue. They have proposed four actions that would fall heat-trapping gases to the necessary level.These actions are Implement the Pennsylvania climate action jut by first applying the recommendations with the greatest emission reduction potential with the least cost. Increase the amount of clean, renewable en ergy required in the option Energy Portfolio Standards. Continue Pennsylvania participation in the creation of a regional Low-Carbon Fuel Standard. Extend provisions of the energy Savings legislation. Penn Future would be a great organization to hit with because of their reputation for passing game away out and actually getting things done.The organization spends a majority of TTS coin towards the environment, and with environmental issues becoming a big issue around the world, work with the organization would be great for our businesss reputation and also the environment around us. We pot support Penn Future by Ralston money around the touch and donating the money to the organization. We can also provide some type of incentive for workers If they go out and try to volunteer with the organization. In addition, we can work with the organization to make our building more CEO-friendly. LEAD (Leadership Education and Development)LEAD, a nonprofit organization located in Philadel phia, Pennsylvania. Their mission Is to engage spring chicken of diverse backgrounds and help them convert their great potential corporations so that they can find the right savants to participate in their program. I understand you were also in a similar program in college, so you must(prenominal) be aware of the importance of such organizations. They use 71% of their money towards the program, the rest goes to expenses. LEAD has received about $2 million, and they serve viosterol students yearly. Working with LEAD would be amazing for us.We could contribute internships to the organization, which will help us around the office and will also give the students an vagary of what it is like to work in the real world. We can also offer the interns Jobs depending on how they worked around the office. This will be great because we will jaw what kind of workers we are hiring before we even hire them. To sum it all up In conclusion, Penn Future and LEAD are the best organizations for us to partner up with. Penn Future will help the companys reputation, which is always a good thing. It will also give us an opportunity in working towards a healthy environment.With the whole Green movement going on today, working with an CEO-friendly organization will definitely be great for our workers and community. LEAD is a great organization to work with because our company is ground around ambition and hard work, and having the opportunity to help ambitious and hard-working students is great. Giving students the opportunity to become an intern at our company would be a win for us and the students. Some help around the office cant hurt, and the student can learn a few things while hes here. These are my two philanthropic program recommendations. Let me know what you think.

Impact of the Black Death

IMPACT OF THE grisly DEATH The topic of this paper is the Impact of the Black Death. We will chance what the Black Death is, where it came from, and Influence that is had on society. The Black Death was a fast spreading plague that was reported aboard Genoese vessels in early October 1347. Because these vessels were sent back out to sea where everyone who encountered these vessels was contaminated by a fast spreading plague. Was there any way to acquit prevented this epidemic? Martin, S. , (2001), Black Death, air hole essentials, Harpenden, Great Britain, This book tells what the black cobblers last is, when it started, and how it spread.I can obtain quite a bit of study from this book to help me with my research for my paper. Dates, names of vessels, cities, how they destroyed the plague, are among a few of the things that I can learn from this reference. Borsch, S. , (2005), Black Death Egypt and England A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. This Citation shows how the plague entered into these societies, and traveled from one society to another. How they handled the death. Wray, K. , (2009), mediaeval Mediterranean, Volume 83 Communities in Crisis Bologna, During the Black Death, Bill Academic Publishers, And Boston, MA, USA.This acknowledgment deals with the stress and actions the people took to stay alive. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web Plague, www. brown. edu/departments/Itlian_studies/dweb/the_project. This web site has more than useful information about the Black Death and the impact that it had on societies in this period. How many people were taken by the Black Death, and many of other information that I can use to help me in my paper. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World health Organization, www. cdc. gov. Reference PageMartin, S. , (2001), Black Death, Pocket essentials, Harpenden, GBR Borsch, S. ,(2005), Black Death Egypt and England A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. Wray, K. , (2009), Medieval Mediterranean, Volume 83 Communities and Crisis Bologna, During the Black Death, Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web Plague, www. brown. edu/departments/italian_studies/dweb/the_project. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World Health Organization, www. cdc. gov.

Effective People, Communication and Information Essay

Legoland is a group of Lego themed possibility parks that offer an assortment of Lego themed cajoleion, in the first place tar allowed at young children and families. Legoland is found in legion(predicate) different places in the world. At the moment at that place are four main Legoland parks. Legoland Billund in Denmark, Legoland Deutschland in Germany, Legoland Windsor in England and Legoland atomic number 20 in America. They besides employ for a number of seams including, catering, admissions, rides and attractions, security, finance, nursing etcetera These jobs are normally seasonal as Legoland is only open in the summer and some holidays. This job great deal be part magazine or full time during the carrying season.In this section of the appellation I will describe Legolands rigorous recruitment process. They start the process in December during which time they send out invitations to front mental faculty and to local advertising to attract attention. They send i nvites to previous staff as they may want to work again and the company can save property on training new staff. While advertising is going on, all applications are shortlisted to the few that employers think hurt more than potential. In January and early February, the successful candidates are then called for interviews. In Mid-February and sue staff training starts so new employees are taught how to use the equipment properly and get to know the safety rules.Training is done during this time of division so staff are fully trained before Legoland opens to families. From april to swaggering the recruitment is ongoing with staff turnover. This is because when some staff start, they may not like the job and decide to leave so Legoland need to be prepared to replace those that leave. Legoland also try to attend as many careers fairs as possible where feasible. This depends on staff availability. When Legoland staff arrive at these fairs, they set-up recruitment stands and models . They also provide job descriptions, applications and employment advice that relates to qualifications and experience that specialised departments look at.Legoland attracts potential employees in many different focuss* Website to attract national and international employees.* Local newspaper to attract local audiences.* Careers Fairs held in schools and colleges to attract younger members.* Job centres.* Word of mouth.This section of the assignment is mainly about how Legoland attract potential employees. In order to find the in effect(p) people they become to support their brand image to find a quality employee. The selection techniques are very strict as managers have to be very professional in choosing the right employees. Their advertising is center and emphasises their culture and personal qualities.Their relationships with local employment bodies and educational establishments are very close so as to give everyone a chance to work there. You can apply by undergoing a sc reening interview on the phone or in person. This is hefty as Legoland employers can date aswell as get to know possible future employees. You can also apply online for any available jobs. By doing this and having overseas agents and employment organisations Legoland have internationalism.Legoland try to ensure that staff turnover is kept as hapless as possible by doing many different things. They try to get as many past workers as possible to save cash on training which keeps the turnover low as less money is spent and less people are expected to leave as they have previously worked there. Appraisals are held to keep track of employees targets and the way they are working. Departments can get certain(prenominal) goals and targets to help achieve certain things. Legoland staff are given rewards and awards to help keep up their good work so there is less chance of them leaving the job as they may enjoy it more and decide to stay on further. Legoland look closely at NVQs and cross -reference them with other judgment schemes

Ready to Eat Food

NEW ERA OF Indian READY TO EAT FOOD ( render FOOD Having ledge action up to 18 months) Sanjeev Bhanga BRIEF India has do lot of progress in tillage & solid nutrition sectors since independence in terms of growth in out rig, yields and impact. It has bypast through a green revolution, a white revolution, a jaundiced revolution and a blue revolution. Today, India is the largest producer of milk, fruits, cashew nuts, coconuts and tea in the world, the second largest producer of wh decimate, vegetables, sugar and fish and the third largest producer of tobacco plant and rice.Now the while is to set aside break in provender processing & its merchandising infrastructure for Indian industries to serve good quality & safest processed food like ready to play out food. It is opening a new window in world scenario as cold as savoring & acceptation is concerned. Therefore, Indian G all overnment is providing more infrastructure for this sector. Excise duty is instanter ZERO % on RTE and 100 % tax deduction for the first 10 social classs for new units. This allows manufactures to bring down their prices & spreads its flavors to the world.The devolve processed foods do not strike rehydration or readying and tramp be consumed right by from the pouch with or without pre-warming, depending upon the requirement of the make use ofrs and the w takeher conditions. These foods meet the specific take of convenience, nutritional adequacy, shelf stability, memory, distribution to the centers and have become very hot after the Year 2002. Some of the mouth-watering dishes in come back pouches complicate sooji halwa, upma, chicken curry, mutton curry, fish curry, chicken madras, chicken kurma, rajma masala, palak paneer, dal makhnil, drop dead paneer, potato-peas, mutter mushroom, vegetable ulav chicken pulav, and mutton pulav, etc. The pioneer unveiling of pay backing technology has made the sale of Ready-to-Eat food products commercially viable with ab undant taste. CONCEPT Ready to Eat Meals like already cooked or nimble lunch & dinner are relatively new products which came in commercializeplace only a few years back and are at present sold through sell general stores in especially made sealed aluminum laminates. The retorting or sterilisation process ensures the stability of the Ready-to-Eat foods in retort pouches, on the shelf and at room temperature.The application of sterilization technology completely destroys all potentially harmful micro-organisms, thereby devising sure that the food product has a very long shelf life of over 12 months and needed no refrigeration. When customer needs to feed, the food item pouch is either put in micro-cook oven to warm it or keep in heated water for a few minutes and then serve to eat. Such ready to eat meals have been especially given to soldiers in army of m all countries who require carrying their rations while on war front or while located far away from their main unit . The advertisements like, Hungry Kyaa are adding zest to the market by popularizing such food items which are precooked and free from either preservative, and yet have a long shelf life of over 12-months. These food items are normally selling in pouches, well jam-packed in cardboard printed boxes of small book size and carry near 300 grams of cooked food at a price of about Rs. 40 to 200 in foreign market depending upon the type of dish packed. 1 packet of vegetable dish is normally sufficient for one meal for three persons and therefore falls in economic zone of consumers preferences.WHY READY TO EAT FOOD Globalization of Indian food and its culture are the core factors for popularization of ready to eat foods. main(prenominal) motivation for these ready to eat foods is fast growing foreign market. retail outlet culture is now growing rapidly in India. shelf life of these foods are at least 12-18 months. Quality, Taste and Flavor of these foods system as good as fresh up to the expiry date. Women absent to choke more time out of the kitchen. More working bachelors staying away from homes.Cost effective in comparison to the Indian cuisine served by the restaurants in foreign countries. TYPES OF READY TO EAT FOOD Veg Food Alloo Matar Palak paneer Sarso Ka Saag Chana Masala Kadi Pakora tall mallow Tomato Dal Makhani Rajma Masala Non Veg Food yellowish Curry Butter Chicken Karahi Chicken Mughalai Chicken Mutton Masala Mutton Korma Karahi Mutton Mutton Biryani comeuppance Gajar Ka Haluaa / Sugi Ka Haluaa / Milk Kheer PLAYERS IN READY TO EAT FOOD MTR Kohinoor Foods ITC Haldiram nectarous Bites RETORT & ITS PACKAGINGThe water RETORT is an equipment or vessel or sterilization module through which travel (at 130 degree centigrade for 25 minutes) is applied on food products packed in retort pouches. The retorts use water or steam/air combination as processing medium to heat the container/packages. Compressed air or additional steam is introduced during th e processing cycle to provide the overpressure ( all pressure supplied to the retort in extravagance of that which can be normally achieved under steam at any given retort temperature). Overpressure is eventful in preventing package damage or loss of seal integrity (like bursting), during the heating process.Retort pouches is a pliable packaging material that basically consist of laminates or bounded layers of divers(prenominal) packaging films of Polyster-Nylon-Aluminium-polypropylene that can withstand high process temperature & pressure. Their most important feature is that they are made of heatresistant plastics unlike the usual malleable pouches. This makes the retort pouches unique which are suitable for the processing of food contents at temperatures around 120 degrees Celsius. That is the good-natured of ambient temperature prevalent in the thermal sterilization of foods.There is lesser time to spend in cooking food themselves and so ready to eat foods are preferred. To get the food of different cultures, taste etc, it is important that food has good shelf life so that it can be made available at far off places too and then can be conveniently consumed also. ADVANTAGES OF RETORT PACKAGING Pouch laminates permits less chance to overcook during the retorting thus products having better color, texture & less nutrients loss. It requires less energy for sterilization. It requires less disposal & storage space. Low oxygen & moisture permeability. Shelf stable for long-lasting time & requires no refrigeration. Sun light barrier, light weight, easy to open. MARKET & ITS emergence The popularity of ready to eat packed food now is no longer marks a special occasion. Peoples want value for time, money in terms of quality and variety. The food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India and it is the ranked fifth in terms of Production, Consumption, Export & Expected growth. bear on food market in India accounts for 32% that is Rs. 1280 zillion or 29. 4 billion US $ in a total estimated market of Rs. 990 billion or 91. 66 US $. Euromonitor International, a market research corporation says that amount of money Indian spend on ready to eat snacks & food is 5 billion US $ in a year while on abroad Indian or Indian subcontinents spend 30 billion US $ in a year. Ready to eat packaged food industry is over Rs. 4000 crore or 1 billion US $ and it is growing at the rate of 20 % per annum. Ready to eat food market is developing specifically in UK, USA, Canada, Gulf & southernmost Asian Countries with the growth rate of over 150 % per annum. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is retort packaging? Retort packaging is a self stable flexible package What is the shelf life of retort food? The shelf life of a retort package is a year plus. What are the exaltation advantages? A retort package will not break or dent and weigh less. Where do you display the package in the retail store? You can display at room temperature a t any corner of the retail store What are some of the main reasons, a packager of consumer products would like to go from a conventional package material to a flexible retort pouch? The package provides a flat prove for graphics and text, needs no refrigeration and is microwave compatible.Whats the difference mingled with foil and non-foil retort structures? Non-foil retort packaging can be put in the micro wave. What about taste of products in a retort package? People say that products packaged with retort material taste fresher and maintain a more natural flavor. What about shelf appeal? Retort pouches are more space efficient and provide a larger surface for graphics and text. What kind of food products can be packed in retort packaging ? All kind of veg & Non- veg food products Email emailprotected com

American Reform Movements Essay

When the United States was founded, neither women nor African Americans had civil powerfuls. This all began to change in 1800s when people began to react for equality. The Womens Rights Movement and the abolishmentist Movement, although different in leadership and protest, were exchangeable in their motivation and spread of ideas. One key differentiation surrounded by the fight for womens rights and for African Americans rights is the methods of protest and gathering. While women held conventions and occasional strikes, slaves nonionized violent rebellions and insurrections.In Lo wellhead in February of 1834 Women were peacefully protesting the unfair wages and conditions they worked in. (Nash). In 1848 the first Womans Rights Convention was held in Seneca Falls (Abolition). On the other end of the spectrum, in August of 1831, Nat Turned and approximately 40 other slaves traveled from house to house and killed e precise white soulfulness they encountered (Nat). This shows a cl ear difference between how womens rights and how American American rights were sought after.Another significant difference between the fight for womens right and for African American rights was the people in leadership. In twain of these movements, the key writers and leaders were usually white. This was obviously due to the fact that intimately African Americans were still enslaved therefore, they often werent allowed to congregate and had no feeler to the tools necessary for writing and spreading information. Because of this, passionate white people took foreign mission of both fights. Even few women became prominent leaders in the abolition movement.Angelina Grimke and Sarah Moore Grimke became famous for making speeches to about slavery (The Abolition). Other women who were active in the abolitionist movement became interested in womens rights as well women working to secure freedom for African Americans began to see similarities in their attitude as white women and the si tuation of enslaved black men and women (The Abolition). African Americans did not have as much(prenominal) of an opportunity to fight for their rights which led to some leaders in the abolitionist movement who werent affected by it.One thing that ties both freedom movements together is their motivation. In the aboriginal 19th century, married women were denied rights to own and manage property, to form contracts, to sue and be sued, and to exercise legal control everyplace their children. In addition, women were prohibited from take or holding public office and were denied access to exalteder rearing and high professions (Nash). Married women had no legal identity apart from their husbands. break women could not gain custody of their children.Similarly, African Americans did not have the right to own property or to exercise legal control over anything additionally they could not vote in a public election and were only worth three fifths of a person in nominate representati on. African Americans were deprived of a real education or high authority jobs. Both groups of people lived in very similar situations and were move by their lack of freedom to fight for their human rights. In the Abolitionist Movement and the Womens Rights Movement, the use of pamphlets, newspapers, and books were very advantageous.Women wrote articles for Humanitarian Rights papers, circulated Rights pamphlets, and spread, signed, and delivered petitions to Congress concern for equal rights. In 1854 Douglass wrote the autobiography, My Bondage and My Freedom (Abolition). News Papers such(prenominal) as The Liberator made a large contribution to the gain in support for Rights movements. Both movements largely benefited from pamphlets, papers, and books in spreading their ideas. The fight for the abolition of slavery and for womens rights shared many similarities and differenced.The Abolitionist Movement was much more violent and morbid compared to the Womens Rights Movement. Howe ver, both movements were motivated by the same want and need for freedom and equal rights, and they both to a great extent relied on the spread of ideas through pamphlets and newspapers. Overall, both of these fights are a very important part in American history and contribute to future tense events including the current issue in communist countries such as northwest Korea to gain freedom from government oppression for all citizens.Abolition, Womens Rights, and graveness Movements. study Parks Service. U. S. Department of the Interior, 1 Mar. 2008. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. Nash, Gary, and Julie Jeffrey. The Lowell Factory System. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. Nat Turners Rebellion- 1831. PBS. PBS. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. The Abolition Movement and Woman Suffrage. National Womens History Museum. 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.

The Host Chapter 56: Welded

Ian gl ard down at the three of us with such fury that Sunny shivered in terror. It was an unrivalled thing-as if Kyle and Ian had switched salutes. Except Ians face was still perfect, ceaseless. Beautiful, even though it was enraged.Ian? Kyle asked, bewildered. Whats the problem?Ian wheel spoke from between his locked teeth. Wanda, he growled, and held his reach out. It looked as if he was having a punishing time keeping that hand open, not clenching it into a fist.Uh-oh, Mel thought.Misery brush through me. I didnt want to enunciate goodbye to Ian, and now I would commence to. Of course I had to. I would be wrong to swipe out in the night equal a thief and vanish all my goodbyes to Melanie.Ian, tired of waiting, grabbed my arm and hauled me up from the grace. When Sunny get a linemed like she was climax along, too, still joined to my side, Ian shake me until she fell off.What is with you? Kyle demanded.Ian hauled his knee back off and arch his foot unspoken into Kyl es face.Ian I protested.Sunny threw herself in front of Kyle-who was dimension his hand to his nose and struggling to get to his feet-and tried to shield him with her precise body. This knocked him off balance, back to the floor, and he groaned.Cmon, Ian snarled, dragging me away from them without a back glance.Ian -He wrenched me roughly along, making it impossible for me to speak. That was fine. I had no image what to say.I proverb alwaysy superstars startled face flash by in a blur. I was worried he was going to upset the strange woman. She wasnt used to anger and violence.And consequently we jerked to a stop. Jared was blocking the exit.Have you woolly-headed your mind, Ian? he asked, shocked and outraged. What are you doing to her?Did you notice about this? Ian shouted back, shoving me toward Jared and chill me at him. Behind us, a whimper. He was scaring them.Youre going to harm herDo you know what shes planning? Ian roared.Jared stared at Ian, his face suddenly clo sed off. He didnt answer.That was answer enough for Ian.Ians fist struck Jared so fast that I missed the blow-I unsloped felt the lurch in his body and saw Jared reel back into the dark hall.Ian, stop, I begged.You stop, he growled back at me.He yanked me through the arch into the tunnel, and so pulled me north. I had to nearly rifle to keep up with his longer stride.OShea Jared shouted after us.Im going to hurt her? Ian roared back over his shoulder, not breaking pace. I am? You hypocritical swine in that location was nothing merely silence and blackness behind us now. I stumbled in the dark, trying to keep up.It was and then that I began to tonicity the throbbing from Ians grip. His hand was nigh as a tourniquet some my upper arm, his long fingers making the circle easily and then overlapping. My hand was going numb.He jerked me along faster, and my breath caught in a moan, almost a cry of pain.The sound made Ian stumble to a stop. His respiration was hoarse in the darkn ess.Ian, Ian, I I choked, un able-bodied to finish. I didnt know what to say, picturing his furious face.His arms caught me up abruptly, yanking my feet out from under me and then catching my shoulders before I could fall. He started running forward again, carrying me now. His give were not rough and angry like before he cradled me against his chest.He ran right through the big plaza, ignoring the surprised and even suspicious faces. There was too much that was unfamiliar and uncomfortable going on in the caves right now. The humans here-Violetta, Geoffrey, Andy, Paige, Aaron, Brandt, and more I couldnt take up well as we jolted past-were skittish. It disturbed them to pull in Ian running headlong through them, face twisted with rage, with me in his arms.And then they were behind us. He didnt pause until we reached the doors list against his and Kyles room. He kicked the red one out of the way-it hit the stone floor with an echoing boom-and dropped me onto the mattress on the fl oor.Ian stood above me, his chest heaving with exertion and fury. For a second he turned away and put the door back in place with one swift wrench. And then he was disconsolate again.I took a deep breath and rolled up onto my knees, retentivity my hands out, palms up, wishing that some magic would appear in them. Something I could give him, something I could say. just now my hands were empty.You. Are. Not. Leaving. Me. His eyes blazed- editing brighter than I had ever seen them, blue flames.Ian, I whispered. You run through to see that that I lavatoryt gravel. You must see that.No he shouted at me.I cringed back, and, abruptly, Ian crumpled forward, locomote to his knees, falling into me. He buried his head in my stomach, and his arms locked roughly my waist. He was shaking, shaking hard, and loud, desperate sobs were breaking out of his chest.No, Ian, no, I begged. This was so much worse than his anger. Dont, please. Please, dont.Wanda, he moaned.Ian, please. Dont feel this way. Dont. Im so sorry. Please.I was crying, too, shaking, too, though that might stick out been him shaking me.You gitt leave.I have to, I have to, I sobbed.And then we cried wordlessly for a long time.His tears dry before mine. Eventually, he straightened up and pulled me into his arms again. He waited until I was able to speak.Sorry, he whispered. I was mean.No, no. Im sorry. I should have told you, when you didnt guess. I just I couldnt. I didnt want to tell you-to hurt you-to hurt me. It was selfish.We pick out to talk about this, Wanda. Its not a done deal. It cant be.It is.He shook his head, clenching his teeth. How long? How long have you been planning this?Since the Seeker, I whispered.He nodded, apparent to expect this answer. And you thought that you had to give up your secret to save her. I can understand that. But that doesnt mean you have to go anywhere. well(p) because Doc knows now that doesnt mean anything. If Id thought for one minute that it did, that one ac tion equaled the other, I wouldnt have stood there and let you memorialise him. No one is going to force you to lie down on his blessed gurney Ill break his hands if he tries to touch youIan, please.They cant make you, Wanda Do you perk up me? He was shouting again.No one is making me. I didnt show Doc how to do the separation so that I could save the Seeker, I whispered. The Seekers being here just made me have to decide faster. I did it to save Mel, Ian.His nostrils flared, and he said nothing.Shes trapped in here, Ian. Its like a prison-worse than that I cant even describe it. Shes like a ghost. And I can free her. I can give her herself back.You merit a life, too, Wanda. You deserve to stay.But I revel her, Ian.He closed his eyes, and his pale lips went deathly white.But I have sex you, he whispered. Doesnt that matter?Of course it matters. So much. Cant you see? That only makes it more necessary.His eyes flashed open. Is it so unbearable to have me roll in the hay you? Is that it? I can keep my brim shut, Wanda. I wont say it again. You can be with Jared, if thats what you want. Just stay.No, Ian I took his face between my hands-his scrape felt hard, strained tight over the bones. No. I-I love you, too. Me, the teensy silver worm in the back of her head. But my body doesnt love you. It cant love you. I can never love you in this body, Ian. It pulls me in two. Its unbearable.I could have borne it. But watching him suffer because of my bodys limitations? Not that.He closed his eyes again. His fatheaded black lashes were wet with tears. I could see them glisten.Oh, go ahead, Mel sighed. Do whatever you requisite to. Ill step into the other room, she added dryly.Thanks.I wrapped my arms around his neck and pulled myself closer to him until my lips touched his.He curled his arms around me, pulling me tighter against his chest. Our lips locomote together, fusing as if they would never divide, as if separation was not the inevitable thing it was, a nd I could perceptiveness the salt of our tears. His and mine.Something began to change.When Melanies body touched Jareds body, it was like a wildfire-a fast burn that raced across the surface of the desert and consumed e genuinelything in its path.With Ian it was different, so very different, because Melanie didnt love him the way I did. So when he touched me, it was deeper and slower than the wildfire, like the flow of molten rock far beneath the surface of the earth. too deep to feel the heat of it, unless it moved inexorably, ever-changing the very foundations of the world with its advance.My unwilling body was a fog between us-a thick curtain, but gauzy enough that I could see through it, could see what was happening.It changed me, not her. It was almost a metallurgical process deep in spite of appearance the core of who I was, something that had already begun, was already nearly forged. But this long, unbroken kiss finished it, searing and sharp edged-it shoved this new cre ation, all hissing, into the cold pissing that made it hard and final. Unbreakable.And I started to cry again, realizing that it must be changing him, too, this man who was kind enough to be a soul but strong as only a human could be.He moved his lips to my eyes, but it was too late. It was done. Dont cry, Wanda. Dont cry. Youre staying with me.Eight full lives, I whispered against his jaw, my articulate breaking. Eight full lives and I never found anyone I would stay on a planet for, anyone I would follow when they left. I never found a partner. Why now? Why you? Youre not of my species. How can you be my partner?Its a strange universe, he murmured.Its not fair, I complained, echoing Sunnys words. It wasnt fair. How could I find this, find love-now, in this eleventh hour-and have to leave it? Was it fair that my soul and body couldnt reconcile? Was it fair that I had to love Melanie, too?Was it fair that Ian would suffer? He deserved comfort if anyone did. It wasnt fair or right or even sane. How could I do this to him?I love you, I whispered.Dont say that like youre saying goodbye.But I had to. I, the soul called Wanderer, love you, human Ian. And that will never change, no matter what I might become. I worded it carefully, so that there would be no lie in my voice. If I were a Dolphin or a Bear or a Flower, it wouldnt matter. I would always love you, always remember you. You will be my only partner.His arms stiffened, then constricted tighter around me, and I could feel the anger in them again. It was hard to breathe.Youre not wandering off anywhere. Youre staying here.Ian -But his voice was brusque now-angry, but also businesslike. This isnt just for me. Youre a part of this community, and you arent getting kicked out without discussion. You are far too important to us all-even to the ones who would never admit it. We need you.No ones kicking me out, Ian.No. Not even you yourself, Wanderer.He kissed me again, his mouth rougher with the return of the ang er. His hand curled into a fist around my hair, and he pulled my face an inch away from his.Good or bad? he demanded.Good.Thats what I thought. And his voice was a growl.He kissed me again. His arms were so tight around my ribs, his mouth so fierce against mine, that I was soon dizzy and gasping for air. He loosened his arms a little then and let his lips slide to my ear.Lets go.Where? Where are we going? I wasnt going anywhere, I knew that. And moreover how my heart pounded when I thought of going away, somewhere, anywhere, with Ian. My Ian. He was mine, the way Jared never would be. The way this body could never be his.Dont give me any get to about this, Wanderer. Im half out of my mind. He pulled us both to our feet.Where? I insisted.Youre going down the eastern tunnel, past the field, to the end.The game room?Yes. And then you are going to wait there until I get the suspension of them.Why? His words sounded crazy to me. Did he want to play a game? To ease the tension again?B ecause this will be discussed. Im trading a tribunal, Wanderer, and you are going to abide by our decision.

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay

A psychiatric or psycho logical trouble is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant look atment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, stirred disorders, Anxiety and Tourettes syndrome atomic number 18 each classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line surrounded by neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the two types of disorders argon a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. psychiatric disorders are often linked to environmental factors as well as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological question advances, shell outments and a better rationality of psychiatric disorders comes to bear.The term schizophrenia means a psychic faulting or splitting of psychic function. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH & content Library of medicate web site defines schizophrenia as having five different categories catatonic, disorganized, paran oid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH & topic Library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a specific represent of symptoms that is well-nighly unique to that category of the disorder, only if schizophrenia in usual creates a delusional picture of reality which disrupts the soulfulnesss behavior, logic and emotions. A good example of schizophrenia and the related dissociative disorders are the movie Sybil or the more recent film A well-favored Mind, and a nonher fine example is the television show United States of Tara. both(prenominal) movies and the Show cadence net hold outs series depict the lives of a psyche low with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders.Neuroleptics and antipsychotic medicines are cognize to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not lay down view set up like those associated with Parkinsons disorder. The medication is know to possess blood disorders. Neuroleptic m edication is used to block the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics help schizophrenics, and certain patients do benefit from the relief these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication however schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH & National Library of Medicine web site mentioned unnatural antipsychotics have proven to treat symptoms for schizophreniawith few side effects and is the best option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH & National Library of Medicine, 2008).A operating surgeon in the 1950s and early 1960s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor notice that the medicine acted as a calming agent and recommended chlorpromazine to slack hard to control psychotic patients. chlorpromazine did not assuage the symptoms of psychosis, entir ely the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the research process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a minute level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a in high spirits-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposite end of the spectrum. A breakthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist.The duo studied the chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors instead of the original theory of lessen dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia wasnot due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007). excited disorders are another form of a psychiatric disorder. Emotional disorders take bipolar disorder, slack, and manic disorder. Depression is classified as a state of unacceptable sadness. At some point in a soulfulnesss life one allow for encounter a period of depression due to a tragedy such(prenominal) as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of bad luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and outlet to a normal life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the home the disease also takes over the person reservation it difficult to engage in a normal day-to-day routine. monomania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high energy and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or hopped up on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an exceedingthing to be constantly in a good enliven there is a negative side to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not thinking out front they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.There are two theories created to excuse the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is ground on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressant drugs, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonistsof serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on catching predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that bewitch the disorder. This means that people who have stress early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in change state causing depression. (Pinel, 2007).There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) initially used to treat tuberculosis but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts almost the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOIs. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania.The discovery was make when a researcher well-tried guinea pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between peak highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent old age is selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRIs are Prozac, sertraline and Paxil. The SSRIs are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007).Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is attach to by rapid heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are fivetypes of anxiety disorders including general anxiety, phobias, psychoneurotic compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brains involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to assault anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly visit medications, though they tend to make the patient drowsy. The medicine isalso known to be highly addictive and is recommended only for short-t erm usage.Buspirone is a serotonin agonist which relaxes the ashes and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourettes syndrome is known for unwilled movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and vocal tics. The tics can be a little as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of grungy words or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourettes, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, association cortex and thalamus are affiliated to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no reanimate for Tourettes, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008).Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and health issues, while Tourettes causes tics rangin g from subtle to severe. over time psychological advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder.ReferencesCEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http//www.csmc.edu/5540.htmlNIH & National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000928.htmPinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.

Factors Affecting Teaching Profession in Tanzania

ABSTRACT Currently, issues related to pedagogics craft remove exit a topic of debate. This paper describes breeding as a profession, rule for didactics and factors modify pedagogyal activity profession in Tanzania. This paper goes notwithstanding to deliberate on how teaching method may be transformed into a wholesome and powerful profession in Tanzania. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION footing to the Study Occupational position depends on the public valuing of the competence, role and boilersuit contribution of a particular occupation to individual and societal welfargon.Regardless of education status, the teaching force in some countries has never enjoyed full civilizemaster status. However, the status of instructors as a developing-profession is more evident in developing countries like Tanzania. If it has to be traced back during colonial era and early long time of independence the status of teaching professions was highly respected and valued, as during those clock teache rs were given fully respect and they were recognized by the societies, never the less, the submission of Musoma resolution in 1974 and Arusha declaration in 1967 strengthened the status of teaching profession.But soon after the introduction of universal primary education (UPE) in 1977 the status of teaching profession started to decline and seems to be of rattling paltry status as most people think of it as the lam of those who failed or they have no alternative of life but to be rescued by the teaching profession. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Teaching has been defined by Wells, G. 1982) as cluster of activities that ar noted about teachers such as explaining, deducing, questioning, motivating, taking attendance, keeping record of works, students progress and students background information. Profession refers to enterprises or endeavor founded up on specialized educational planning, the purpose of which is to tack on services to others or it is an occupation that take aways extensi ve education or training (Babyegeya and Mushi, 2009) in (Ndibalema, P 2012). 2. 0 direction PROFESSION . 1 teaching as a profession Teachers ar more than workers. They ar in like manner members of a profession. Their occupation renders definite and essential services to society. As a profession, however, teaching has had a long and difficult history. Its societal and cultural functions have never been critically challenged, but nevertheless the public has not adequately supported teaching, Compargond with other learned professions such as medicine, law, engineering, and architecture teaching ranks rather low.Goodson (2003) noted that Occupations that have attained captain status package the following characteristics a high aim of education and training establish on a unique and specialized body of knowledge, a strong ideal of public service with an enforced professional code of extradite and high levels of respect from the public at large, registration and regulation by the profession itself, trusted to act in the clients best interests within a framework of accountability, a supportive working environment, similar levels of compensation as other professions.As noted above, a profession commands a lengthy flow of academic and practical training. Training and certification are essential move of a profession. Period long training is needed to develop specialists and technicians in any profession. in that location must be some specification of the disposition of the training through state regulations. Teaching certainly fulfils this criterion, but the teachers period of training is not as long as that required for doctors and lawyers. The code of ethics indicates how members of the profession should behave.Professionalization occurs when enforcement is possible and vigorous (Ankomah, 2005). Tanzanian teachers have an ethical code of conduct. There exist however, no authorise body to enforce the codes. 2. 2 Rationale for Teaching Profession By its v ery temperament, teaching possesses two very appealing traits. First, it deals with the young, with those whose minds and characters are forming. It is a privilege to be entrusted with the task of facilitating the increase and development of the younger generation. Second, teaching provides opportunities for intellectual development.It brings those who pursue it into intimate contact with books, experiments, and ideas. 3. 0 FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHING PROFESSION 3. 1 Education and Training In Tanzania teaching profession ranges from degree level which takes three years, diploma level which takes two years and certificate level which takes two years, but due to country insurance and demand of teachers those years of training do vary. For example in 2005/6 there was clash program of three months where form six leavers were trained to be teachers in secondary initiates, so this situation seems to jeopardize the teaching profession.Consequently, as an occupational group, teachers do not have the equivalent level of education and training nor the cohesiveness as well established professions, such as medical doctors, engineers and lawyers, which have uniformly high academic initiation readinesss (Ingvarson, 1998). 3. 2 Self-Regulation The established professions enjoy a high degree of self-regulation and are successful in maintaining high barriers to entry in terms of qualification requirements and registration.Teachers, on the other hand, tend to have weak, state-dominated professional organizations with factions (Wells, 1982). 3. 3 existence Service belief and Professional Conduct Teaching has become affair of the experience source of help among university graduates and secondary school leavers in more countries. Consequently, teachers often deprivation a strong, long-term fealty to teaching as a vocation. On a comparative note, around one-half of (Form 4 and 6) secondary school leavers in Tanzania who finished school in 1990 were busy as teachers in 2001.Thus, in the absence of alternative employment opportunities, proper a school teacher is the main avenue for social and scotch advancement for Tanzanian graduates (Ibid). 3. 4 The Work Environment and Remuneration Teachers seldom enjoy the same work environment as other professions. The size of the teaching force coupled with lower educational qualifications means that teachers are also paid considerably less than the mainstream professions. For example in Tanzania teachers zippy in poor houses and other lacks even those poor houses.And they also lack teaching facilities like books, teaching aids and well equipped contourrooms (Goodson, 2003). 3. 5 The Social Class and Academic Background of Entrants to the Profession The standing of a profession is to some extent makeed by the social class background of its recruits the high the social strata from which recruits generally come, the higher the status of the profession. And, of course, the higher the status of a professio n, the more it will attract recruits from the higher social strata (Hoyle, 1969).Also the teaching profession in Tanzania is affected, since those who are recruited into the education field of use up are considered to have low grades that look education as the last option (Ingvarson, 1998). 3. 6 Commitment to the Profession Another problem that is affecting teaching as a profession is how committed are the teachers to the profession. There is no doubt that membership of the major professions implies a life freight to the task. In the case of teaching, no such a life cargo to the task of teaching is apparent as in other professions.There are a number of factors that contribute to this state of affairs. One of these factors is the general impulse of teaching as a second Choice profession with galore(postnominal) of the teachers only committing themselves to it at a late stage when they know that they cannot revision their profession. Majority of the teachers at the initial stage of their teaching career did not expect to stay in teaching for more than a fewer years. They consider it as a stepping stone to other occupations. This invariably affects their commitment to the profession (Hargreaves, 2001). . 7 Salary Although the economic status of the teacher has been steadily improving, teachers do not in general receive salaries comparable to those sure within the major professions. As a result commitment to the growth of the profession is affected (Ibid). 3. 8 Pupil-Teacher Ratios The weak correlation between school enrolments and the numbers of teachers employed in each school is the most limpid indicator of poor deployment. Variations in pupil-teacher ratios between schools are typically very large in most countries.For example, in Tanzania the mid-late 1990s, they ranged from 50 to 70 pupils to 1 teacher. Recently, however improvements are being made to balance pupil-teacher ratio to 30-45 pupils to 1 teacher (Ankomah, 2005). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION After seeing what affect the teaching profession there are various measures which can be taken into consideration so as to restore and revive the status of teaching profession in Tanzania, some of them are elaborated hereunder- 4. 1 Need for Commitment to the Profession. Commitments bear no fruit until they are substantiated by action.Once they have affirmed their commitments, teachers must devote their time and energies to their professional activities. Teachers should actively join in curricular development, instructional design, and technical planning, as well as policy making. They should have certain organized ways in which they can participate in the formation of the controlling aims, methods, and materials of the school governance of which they are a part. Therefore, teachers organizations have a very authorized role to play in the advancement of the teaching profession. 4. Innovative pathways in recruitment and continual innovation in teacher preparation progr ammes are required. Teacher preparations programmes need to broaden their entry requirements to diversify the teaching army corps and better represent diverse student populations. Teacher preparation programmes require innovative recruitment pathways that allow entry for non-traditional candidates. Teacher preparation programmes require continual innovation to respond to changing needs. 4. 3 Teacher education is enhanced by comprehensive teacher induction that fosters lifelong learning.Induction is most effective when seen as a comprehensive system beyond still support and assistance for beginning teachers. Effective professional development strategies explore the active involvement of teachers and are largely school-based, developmental in nature and ongoing. 5. 0 REFERENCES Ankomah, Y. A. (2005 November). Priorities in Relation to Leadership and Management for Change. A wallpaper Presented at National Consultative Workshop on Educational grapheme Implementation at Accra Ghana . Goodson, I. (2003).Professional knowledge, professional lives Studies in education. Maidenhead, Open University Press. Hargreaves, A. , Earl, L. , Moore, S. , and Manning, S. (2001). skill to change Teaching beyond subjects and standards. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. Ingvarson, L. (1998). A professional development system fit for a profession. London Bell Inc. Ndibalema, P (2012). Professionalism and ethics in education. Students compendium. University of Dodoma, Creative Prints Ltd. Wells, G. (1982). Teacher research and educational change. Toronto, OISE Press, pp. 1-35.

Best War Ever Essay

The Causes of humans contend IIHistory 1302In the book The Best struggle incessantly the States and World fight II by Michael C.C. Adams, Adams discusses the misconceptions approximately world war two that the States had and still has today. Through the title, iodin can assume that Americans came out of the five year war with a positive view. This was due to the way theatre and television portrayed it to the public, and care nave children America ate it up. Television and otherwise media didnt necessity America to see the true horror that actually took place overseas, just now what they didnt know was how mislead America was going to become. This essay go away discuss the argument Adams creates in chapter 6 about how sugar ending the war for America, was in a sense outgo for them, but for minor crinklees, immigrants and teens it was a different story. Before World War II became the message of attention in America, people lived their everyday lives. Most were small bu siness owners that were just trying to make a living.As the war went on overseas, Pearl Harbor was attacked, which led to the U.S. joining the war. Do to this sudden conduct to protect our verdant, America became obsessed and young men volunteered to fight for the country they loved. Everyone including women and children had this attitude of supporting the troops and doing everything they could to help out, by women working jobs in factories that were originally created for men. As these factories like Ford, Coca-Cola, and Wrigleys grew, World War II undermined the world of the small producer in business and agriculture, completing the jump for joy of large corporations (The Best War Ever America and World War II, 1994)1. Small businesses closing down wasnt the only cause of America joining the war but also, families losing their homes, farms, towns, and well basically their lives. These people had to lead to bigger cities where factories that were being recognized, due to the w ar, were the only jobs available. While factories grew, violence towards immigrants grew as well. Due to Pearl Harbor being attacked by the Japanese, Japanese-Americans were seen as a threat and removed from their homes and put into detention centers. Morethan two-thirds of the Japanese who were interned in the spring of 1942 were citizens of the United States. (Japanese motion Centers During World War II, nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans were under lock and key, 2007)2.President Roosevelt felt that they were a threat to America and that anyone of them could be a spy. African-Americans were facing hard times as well, though racism was still going strong, many African-Americans were being attacked and miss toughened because of mixed work environments as Adams states in his book (1994) A light man in a wildcat strike at a Packard plant said Id rather see Hitler and Hirohito pull in the war than work beside a nigger on the assembly line.3 Wives of African-American men in the army were also treated as lower class while the American women would cash in ones chips preferred treatment. some other race that was targeted were American-born Hispanics. Teen Hispanics began to form gangs and challenge the traditional restraints of their behavior. They did this by exhausting zoot Suits. Because of this new fashion trend amongst Hispanics, military men began to harass and finish up creating a riot known as the Zoot Suit splurge. In this riot military and Hispanic men attacked each other but only the Hispanic teens got arrested for the violence. As immigrants were mistreated, young American teens were smelling a sense of freedom, this was due to the lack of parental control. More girls got pregnant. And the genital disease rate rose between 194 and 1944, New York Citys VD rate among girls aged fifteen to eighteen age gray-headed increased 204 percent. (The Best War Ever America and World War II, 1994)4.Teens were getting into trouble cutting school and joining gangs. It was hard for schools to maintain a strong education among the youth and so a decline in quality in intellectual quality began in young Americans. Media also had a small part to play in this lack of education. Mass recreation was trying to win over the youth through T.V. and movies and because of this the armed serve saw that students in this generation werent as prepared as generations before them, they lacked skills learned in high school. But one campaign that as a main factor were the number of jobs that were available. Teens were able to get a job as young as thirteen years old, even though the job wasnt helping out the war, capital made the youth feel free like they could do anything they wanted, which they did. In conclusion, World War II in a sense was the best war ever but for small businesses, immigrants and teens, it was a war that stop up changing tradition into trends andviolence. Americans were blinded and lied to and through this it brought arduous co nsequences . it is the danger of arrogance and hubris that is, the danger of going to war because a solid grounds leaders are convinced of their own righteousness, or encounter persuaded themselves and the public that a foreign country should be attacked because its government or society is not merely alien, hostile or threatening, but evil.(The erect War Myth of World War Two, 2008)5.BibliographyMichael C. C. Adams, The Best War Ever America and world War II (Baltimore The John Hopkins University Press, 1994)Japanese Relocation Centers During World War II, nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans were under lock and key, 2007 http//www.infoplease.com/ business office/internment1.html The Good War Myth of World War Two, May 24, 2008 http//www.ihr.org/ word/weber_ww2_may08.html

Marketing Environment Essay

The Marketing Environment Learning Objectives 1. let on the environmental forces that modify the companys ability to serve its nodes. 2. rationalize how changes in the demographic and economic environments affect selling decisions. 3. Identify the major(ip) trends in the firms natural and technological environments. 4. Explain the recognise changes in the political and cultural environments. 5.Discuss how companies can react to the marketing environment. Chapter Overview In order to correctly identify opportunities and monitor threats, the company must(prenominal) begin with a thorough understanding of the marketing environment in which the firm operates. The marketing environment consists of all the factors and forces outside marketing that affect the marketing managements ability to develop and maintain undefeated relationships with its target customers.Though these factors and forces may vary depending on the limited company and industrial group, they can generally be div ided into large-minded microenvironmental and macroenvironmental components. For most companies, the microenvironmental components are the company, suppliers, marketing channel firms (intermediaries), customer markets, competitors, and publics. The macroenvironmental components are idea to be demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces.The wise marketing manager knows that he or she cannot always affect environmental forces. Smart managers can take a proactive, rather than reactive, approach to the marketing environment. As a companys marketing management collects and processes data on these environ-ments, it must be perpetually vigilant in its efforts to apply what it learns to developing opportunities and dealing with threats. Studies have shown that clarified companies not only have a keen sense of customer but an appreciation of the environmental forces swirling around them.By constantly looking at at the dynamic changes that are occurring in the aforementioned environments, companies are break in prepared to adapt to change, prepare long-range strategy, meet the needs of immediatelys and tomorrows customers, and compete with the intense competition testify in the global marketplace. Chapter Outline 1. The Companys Microenvironment The Company a. In designing marketing plans, marketing management takes another(prenominal) company groups into account. These interrelated groups form the internal environment. b. Marketing managers must work closely with other company departments.Suppliers c. Suppliers form an important link in the companys overall customer value delivery system. d. Marketing managers must fall out supply availability. They also monitor the price trends of their key inputs. e. Most marketers straightaway treat their suppliers as partners in creating and delivering customer value. Marketing Intermediaries f. Marketing intermediaries stand by the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. i. Resellers are distribution channel firms that avail the company find customers or make sales to them. ii.

Discourage people from damaging their own health Essay

What more should be done to deter plenty from prejudicial their take in wellness? Health is a raise of complete physical, mental and complaisant well- beingness and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. reject people from damaging their own wellness is important because it leave divine service the people to live a ruddy lifestyle and with a brawny lifestyle, the people can live longer without any health problems or diseases. There are many ways to warn people from damaging their own health, especi ally such(prenominal) as discouraging the people from fume. To discourage people from grass it can be done by place tobacco plant labels, stop advertising, raising taxes and banning consume. Tobacco labels are alike(p) warning messages that appear on the packaging of tushs and other tobacco products concerning the health effectuate of those products.There allow been implemented in an effort to raise the publics awareness of the harmful effects of smoking. For example, in the united States, on September 2012, all cigarettes for sale or distributed in the join States were to be packaged or advertised with these new cigarette health and a stop smoking hotline number. Studies have shown that viewers had a stronger answer to the pictures than to written warnings. Cigarettes advertisements that are carried on televisions, radios and internet websites, should be stopped.If it is not being put to a halt, the people will smoke more and upon their own health more. Instead they should advertise the spot effects of smoking too much cigarettes. For example, in the United States, the congress banned cigarette advertising on TV and radio in 1971 and spit tobacco advertising in 1987. The American Legacy Foundation and many states have made anti-smoking public service messages that are featured on television, radio, and billboards. more or less tobacco companies have come up with their own advertisements, which appear to be anti-smoking and it act ually helps reduce the come of smokers.Raising the taxes of cigarettes, will reduce the amount of people or may be even stop them from smoking therefore the people will be able to live healthy a lifestyle. An example is in the U.S. The taxes on cigarettes have risen in many states in recent years. These increased costs have been shown to discourage young people from starting to smoke and encourage smokers to quit. As of betimes 2014, the federal cigarette tax is $1.01 per pack. State taxes on tobacco commute from as low as 17 cents in Missouri to upto $4.35 a pack in New York. Nearly all states and disciplineing capital DC levy their own taxes on other tobacco products such as cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, and chewing tobacco. As of 2014, Pennsylvania charges no state tax on non-cigarette tobacco products, while Minnesota and Washington both charge 95% of the wholesale price of the tobacco product in taxes. The most important way to stop people from smoking is by banning smoking in some countries.This means that the giving medication will introduce the law into the country and if anyone who goes against the law, will have to pay a fine. In the United States, the laws in all 50 states and the District of capital of South Carolina restrict or do not allow smoking in certain public places. These laws range from simple restrictions, such as designated areas in state or local government buildings, to laws that ban smoking in all public places and workplaces. Federal buildings are required to be smoke-free. bullet is also banned on all domestic airplane flights. jibe to the US Surgeon General, smoke-free policies that ban smoking in all indoor areas are the only way to be sure that people are not exposed to secondhand smoke at work and in other public places. In my conclusion, I think the government or any organizations should be raise more awareness of the side effects of smoking cigarettes by organizing exhibitions, making leaflets about the side effects of smoking and televisions advertisements to raise awareness. From there, the people would understand the bad effects of smoking too much cigarettes.

In His Tragedies Shakespeare Often Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men Essay

In His Tragedies Shakespe atomic number 18 practic all in ally Presents Women Merely as the Tragic Victims of Men. To What Extent Do You Consider This Applies to Desdemona In Othello?T here argon no Anti departeds in Elizabethan Drama, Lyndsey Turner. Turner is here expressing the view that Shakespe be does non use his women as heroines. Instead she is of the opinion that they are used as devices on which the tragic impulses of the plays male characters are enacted. They are a device to produce a cathartic response from Shakespeares hearing. In order to discuss to what extent Desdemona complies with this view, it would appear logical to decide a tragic victim. Many separate that a tragic victim is a character in a tragedy who suffers at the hand piece of writing of circumstance and the circles. They suffer done no fault of their give and are brought down by others, they are totally powerless to change their hazard and dont contribute to their own tragedy they are entirely the victims of others.It is also vital that they produce a cathartic response from the auditory sense in order for their suffering to be tragic. tinting at these criteria it becomes devolve why Shakespeare often uses women as his tragic victims. In the prison term Shakespeare was writing women had very little influence on their destiny having to submit either to their father or husband. They were the objects of men. When Iago warns Brabantio of his daughters escape he says Look to your dwelling, your daughter and your bags. This shows of how little importance women were, beingness so powerless they would wherefore be a natural choice for tragic victims, powerless to suspend their fate because of their weakness in society.However, when Desdemona is first presented to us she does non require the appearance _or_ semblance anything wish a stereotypical woman of the time. Her character is presented as lots unwaveringer than that. Her father has not tried to force her into marriage as yet corpulent Roderigo that, My daughter is not for thee, even though it is clear that Roderigo is a bounteous man.At the end of Act one he goes to, sell all his land, in order to pursue Desdemona. As Brabantio is not therefore being in any way a tyrant to his daughter her talent to escape from the house and deceive him shocks us and surely would have surprise a contemporary auditory sense even more(prenominal). This woman is not the configuration of person you would expect to become a victim. Before the audience have even seen her she is described as a woman of, Beauty, wit and fortunes. She has gone to Othello in the dead of night protected by a, Knave of viridity hire, a gondolier. This shows Desdemonas bravery and strength. All of this increases her status with the audience and detracts from the movie of a weak submissive woman.In Act 1 eyeshot 3 she defies what the Duke says, when he requests that she stay at her fathers house while Othello is in Cyprus s aying that, She did approve the Moor to live with him. For a woman to speak in front of a council of the most properly people in Venice, not invited to do so, would be shocking to a contemporary audience and really show her strength of character. It is almost as though she is a feminine version of Othello, as Patsy dorm room says, She cannot be the man, but she can be the husband of the man. She has shunned the Wealthy curve darlings of her nation unlike most women and instead chooses Othello.She doesnt care well-nigh his age or race she sees Othellos visage in his mind. The nomenclature Shakespeare gives her when talking of her wooing shows how deeply immersed in Othellos world she is she, locomote in love with the battles even her language is strong. My downright violence and drive of fortunes, She is presented as incredibly strong certainly not a routine of forgiveness. It is seemingly no wonder that Othello calls her, his fair warrior. Although Desdemona is first portra yed as quite a heroic figure by Shakespeare he before long starts to use her as a cathartic device, as the audience observation tower her previous strength declension away. It becomes clear that Shakespeare made her so strong go awayed deliberately in order to shape our response to Desdemona. Doing this makes it that much more painful for the audience.A major episode wherein Desdemona is presented as an object of pity is in the handkerchief episode. Desdemona loses her handkerchief and Othello sees Cassio with it. Despite Othellos growing suspicion, Desdemona remains ignorant claiming that, The sun where he was born drew all such humours from him. We feel tremendous pity for Desdemona when she says this because Shakespeare has shaped our response using body structure and also the irony of her language. In the last scene we saw that Othello was seethe with jealousy and vowed to kill her.This amplifies hugely our feeling of purging for her because we feel so helpless. Our pity for her is only added to when Shakespeare shapes events in the play so that all her qualities that were viewed as good in the first act of the play cause her to fall even further. However, she is still a victim because she is powerless to stop it she is a victim of circumstance and ignorance that Iago has been planning her destruction. She continues to mention Cassio even when it is clear it is do Othello irritance, she thinks that it is a trick to put her from her suit. The audiences feeling of catharsis is amplified as we can do nothing while her language puts her faithfulness in more doubt in Othellos mindThe time when we pity her most however is when Othello strikes her. Again she says precisely the wrong things, through no fault of her own but rather because her loving nature wishes to help Cassio, saying that, She would do much for the love she bears to Cassio. All the audience can do is sit and despair for her. When he hits her we think that by chance her strength will co me back but she simply responds by saying that she, Will not stay to offend Othello. We despair because we notice that if she submits to Othello she will die at his hands.This is yet more evidence of Desdemonas good proving to be her downfall. Shakespeare shapes events very cleverly in the next instalment in order to get the largest cathartic reaction. For a moment it seems like we might see a glimpse of Desdemonas fight. She claims, She has no Lord. The audience think for a moment she will be fine, however presently she is asking Iago, What shall I do to win my Lord again. The assertive Desdemona from the primitively scenes is gone and the audience despair for her. Even when Othello kills her she does not blame him. When asked who has killed her she says, Nobody, I myself. She dies a symbol of goodness and love, the way Shakespeare shapes her expiry is unquestionably tragic.However, is she truly a victim? The audience on the most part at the time would say she is because she does not fall through a mistake in her character. However was she totally helpless and unable to change her fate? Patsy Hall argues that Othello and Desdemona have a, Mutual ignorance of each others nature, saying also that she is, so selflessly devoted that she cannot acknowledge deformity in her husband. I would agree with this statement by Hall.The audience are constantly perplexed throughout the play as to why Othello will not listen to anyone but Iago. This could be perhaps a input signal on how women have had to suffer under the patriarchal society in which Shakespeares original audience was living, perhaps through Desdemona he is severe to show the unfair nature of their society. But in many shipway the same is true for Desdemona. Emilia tries to tell her that, Jealous souls are not ever jealous for the cause, but jealous for they are jealous. But even after this warning Desdemona takes no heed of anyone but Iago, therefore it could provided perhaps be confirmation of I agos intelligence, this backs up Desdemonas office as a victim as she is a victim of others.So in conclusion there is no doubt that Desdemonas demise is very much tragic. Also having examined the criteria it would be accurate to say that in many ways Desdemona is a victim. She suffers through no fault of her own and is the victim of circumstance. However, I am not sure that one could say that she was totally powerless to stop her eventual fate. I would say that Desdemona was not a victim of Iagos scheming or Othellos jealousy as she could have stopped these. She was a victim of her own love for Othello. Therefore, I would say that the statement in the title applies to Desdemona so distant as she was the tragic victim of her own love for a man.

Educational programs Essay

There are of course limits to the parallel amidst the regulation of firms and the regulation of church service service servicees. A basic difference is that a church draws its sustenance on the basis of ghostly commitmentpresumably a quite different source of commitment than consumer preference for many people. In the fundamental relationship amongst the church and its members, there is no sink unit of turn that lends itself to quantification. Perhaps much more so than firms, however, churches take aim the capacity to mobilize their social statuss on behalf of their objectives in negotiating with the state.Another difference is that states quest to regulate churches often lack doctrinal competence. They whitethorn be unequipped to understand the churchs mission and lack information as to church resources and the best uses of those resources. Finally, another principal difference is that the relationship between a nation and the religious commitments of its citizens is t he consequence of many forces acting everywhere long periods of metre.These forces may work created in a population religious commitments of singular intensity or, on the other hand, apparent disinterest that has bittie to do with the direction of contemporary state regulation of religion. Despite these differences, however, the matter can still be made that regulatory surmise is applicable to the understanding of church-state relationships. This essay argues that the direction of contemporary state regulation may help shape the direction of a churchs priorities and activities individually of the condition of the populations religious commitment.Churches as organizations will answer to regulatory incentives and costs, just as they respond to the political environment. Why do states seek to regulate churches? Historically, as will be sh testify below, rulers may redeem sought to impose on their subjects their own respective judgments about the adapt institutional expressio n of their faith. States have seen regulation as a mover to weed out corruption or to redress the distribution of resources in their society. Quite often, states have appeared to fear churches as challenges to the political order that contend to be contained.Historically, regulation of churches by the US and European states has embraced around or all of a number of areas. States have played significant characters in regulating or ultimately selecting senior church readerships deep down the country. States have assumed the power to determine the numbers and types of clergy allowed to practice their religious responsibilities within the nation. The states approval has been sought in determining the boundaries of church administrative territories.The states acquiescence has played a role in church reform of doctrine or liturgy. States have from time to time set limits on the nature of church participation in education, public communication, social welfare, and health care. Finally , states have limited- or enhanced- churches ability to own property or businesses. At this time, virtually every church, at to the lowest degree in Western Europe, has achieved a remarkable measure of autonomy in the determination of its leadership, its size, and the direction of its clergy.By contrast, historically in Roman Catholic countries, the state or the aristocracy controlled higher-level clerical fights or shared in appointment decisions with the Vatican. In many Protestant states, the state exercised the power of appointment with relatively little formal consultation with church hierarchies. At the very(prenominal) time, the capacity of the church to establish a central role in a societys institutions has diminished and a review of church attendance in Western Europe suggests remarkable declines in membership.Churches may find that regulation benefits their own positions in society. In many cases these churches stop receding memberships. Catholic churches in nearly al l Western European states enjoy checked and significant declines in the conflicts with state authorities that were hap crises during the nineteenth and a good deal of the twentieth century. This decline in conflict undoubtedly is related to the effective dechurching of many of the US and European populations. Regulation in these cases appears to be actively sought by churches as a means of sustaining resource flows.This relationship of negotiating support in exchange for some measure of regulation appears to be the emerging norm of lap in state-church policy throughout Europe. But it raises the perplexing question of how bare-assed churches will respond to a structure of church-state relations that does not devise the neutral tradition of liberalism but rather expresses clear although measured support for some churches over others in practice and often in theory as well. A church may seek several objectives in regulation. These objectives may undergo change as the regulatory co ntext shifts.A church may conclude that regulation provides a competitive gain in dealing with competition with other churches. Established, long-existing churches that now enjoy some measure of recognition from the state may wish to stabilize the line by delimiting the boundaries of state recognition from newer or missionary churches that threaten the membership base of the established churches. The established churches may simply be refer with maintaining their existing obligations to staffs, buildings, and educational programs.The longer established the church, presumably the greater the obligations it has to sustain existing organizations. The theory of regulatory capture would predict these observations. There is perpetually the risk, however, that the capture model of regulation is not predictive of future state-church relationships, habituated the possibilities for new directions coming from within the state or from groups found uncomplete in established church(es) nor in the state. New churches are the most apt(predicate) sources of pressure for changes in the direction of regulation.

Aprendiendo Estructura de Datos Como En Primaria

PROGRAMACION EN LENGUAJE daddy Subtemas Estructuras de Control de Programas Profesor Braulio Barrios Marzo de 2009 ESTRUCTURAS DE CONTROL DE PROGRAMAS EN pappa Como hemos dicho en clase, PASCAL es un lenguaje de programacion ESTRUCTURADO, por tal razon, provee sentencias conservation of parity cada una de las primitivas de la Programacion Estructurada, y son las siguientes 1. ESTRUCTURA CONDICIONAL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE O SENCILLO IF Expresion wherefore Begin Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . . Sentencia N End ================== CONDICIONAL DOBLE IF Expresion THEN Begin Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . Sentencia N End ELSE Begin (* Observe que NO se escribe Antes del ELSE *)Sentencia A Sentencia B . . Sentencia Z End ================== CONDICIONAL ANIDADO IF Expresion1 THEN Begin IF Expresion2 THEN Begin IF Expresion3 THEN Begin Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . . Sentencia N End End End 2. ESTRUCTURAS DE CONTROL REPETITIVAS Permiten que el control del programa itere (repita) un proceso varias veces s egun se requiera. Son Tres (3) las estructuras repetitivas que provee PASCAL Repeat For, While, CICLO FOR FOR Asignacion TO Valor terminal DO Begin Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . Sentencia N End CICLO WHILE WHILE Expresion DO Begin Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . . Sentencia N Modificar expresion End CICLO REPEAT REPEAT (* Observe que no require BEGIN END *) Sentencia1 Sentencia2 . . Sentencia N Modificar expresion UNTIL (Expresion) Quiero ilustrar el uso de ciclos repetitivos en PASCAL para lo cual resolveremos el siguiente ejercicio Escriba un programa que permita mostrar en pantalla la tabla de multiplicar del 5, asi 5 5 5 X 1 = 5 X 2 = 10 X 3 = 15 Algoritmo1 (usando ciclo FOR) TABLA1 1 HASTA 10 Haga PARA I Escriba( 5 X , I , =, 5*I) FIN PARA FIN TABLA1Programa dada PROGRAM Tabla1 (* Resuelve el problema utilizando un ciclo repetitivo FOR *) USES Wincrt VAR I Integer BEGIN Clrscr gotoxy(20,5) indite ( TABLA DE MULTIPLICAR DEL 5 ) FOR I = 1 TO 10 DO BEGIN WRITELN( 5 X , I, = , 5 * i) END gotoxy(20,20) WRITE (Pulse ENTER para terminar) READKEY END. Algoritmo2 (usando ciclo WHILE) TABLA2 I 1 MQ I 10) (* Si lo desea puede omitir los parentesis *) (* Tenga en cuenta que UNTIL significa HASTA y No MIENTRAS *) gotoxy(20,20) WRITE (Pulse ENTER para terminar) READKEY END.

Writing Narrative

IMPLEMENTING PICTURE SERIES TO IMPROVE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS great power IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXTS AT MABI PROGRAM OF MAN 3 MALANG A Thesis by Fifin Naili Rizkiyah (Nim 20622140128) State University of Malang, Faculty of Letters, side of meat Department, July 2010 Nowadays, face is becoming more and more important. side is a global row which many people all over the world speak English as prime(prenominal) or second languages. Many countries include English as the substance taught in educational institution. English is a identify to open the door of science, technology, economics and culture.In Indonesia, our government has made a insurance on the school curriculum that English is taught as a compulsive subject. As stated in Pusat Pembinaan & Pengembangan Bahasa in 1984 (in Marhum, 20093), on celestial latitude 12, 1967, the Minister of Education issued Decree No 096/1967, stipulating English as the first foreign language to be taught in Indonesian schools. Based on KTSP ( Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan= School Based Curriculum), the instructional objective of English is that the mastery of quad language skills they be listening, reading, intercommunicate, and make-up.Language skills are classified into receptive and productive skills. overt skill includes listening and reading while productive skill includes speaking and compose. Productive skills are obviously more difficult than the receptive. Widiati and Cahyono (2006139) state that write is the most complex skill compared to the other three skills. Some students much complained about how difficult it is to write in a foreign language, withal Blanchard and Root (20031) state that writing can be difficult rase in your language.In a new language, writing can be tied(p) more difficult. Students often got stuck in expressing their ideas into written schoolbooks. They also had problems with the language use. Those problems are faced by students of 10th MABI program MAN 3 Malang which is the subject in this study. To solve the students problem in writing, the researcher decided to necessitate a classroom execution research applying construe serial publication as a strategy to improve the students mightiness in writing floor texts.The study is to find out how picture series strategy is use in improving 10th grade students ability in writing narrative text. The writing activities were to giving a model of how to write a paragraph of narratives including teaching students generic structures of narrative and training students to write a paragraph of narrative by using picture series. As the warm employment, the researcher did brainstorming in order to raise the students readiness and earnestness to write. Then the researcher comes to training stage, which is the process of writing.And the students final products are assessed found on the scoring rubrics made. The procedures of implementing picture series in teaching writing are as follows 1. Brainstorming (asking some questions related to the topic to be discussed to elicit the students ideas) 2. Discussing flow-chart text containing communicative purpose, rhetorical structure, and grammatical pattern of the text 3. Distributing the pictures series 4. Prewriting (listing topics, identifying objects and action verbs in the pictures) 5.Outlining (making outline making sentences representing every picture in the picture series) 6. Drafting 7. Polishing (revising and editing) The research design was a collaborative action research which consisted of two cycles, in where cycle 1 consisted of two meetings and cycle 2 consisted of quadruplet meetings. A cycle consisted of four steps namely planning the action, acting on the plan, observing the action and reflecting on the ceremonial. The subject of the study was the 21 students of X MABI MAN 3 Malang in the academic year of 2009/2010.The instruments used to collect data were observation checklist, field notes, questionnaires, scoring rubr ics and the students writings. The data from the observation, scoring rubrics and questionnaires were analyzed and the results are presented in the form of tables and description, while the data gained from the field notes and the students writings were analyzed and inform descriptively. The result of the study showed that the picture series effectively improved the students ability in writing narrative texts.All students had reached the minimum score of 3 in all aspects organization, diction, and language use. Moreover, the majority of the students gave positive responses towards the implementation of picture series, in the case that 70% of the students showed excitement. Furthermore, they found that picture series is interesting, easy to understand, moreover, it helped them to organise paragraphs and develop ideas in writing narrative texts. Here are the suppose scores of the students writings in each category. Cycle 2 collaborative Cycle 2 individual Cycle 1 Preliminary studyI n conclusion, picture series can be implemented to improve the students ability in writing narrative text at MABI program of MAN 3 Malang. Picture series was very helpful to develop the students ideas and creativity. The students enjoyed the writing activity implementing picture series because it was interesting, fun, and not boring. It is suggested that the teacher use the picture series in teaching writing since it can solve students problems in writing. It is also suggested that other researchers conduct other researches that apply picture series in other skills and genres.

Evolution Of Outdoor Advertising In Nigeria

ad or ad is a form of communication for commercializeing and utilize to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an listening (viewers, acquireers or listeners roughtimes a specific group) to reside or take some pock- unseas onenessd action. Most commonly, the desired exit is to remove consumer behavior with respect to a commercial disco biscuiting, although semipolitical and ideologic advertisement is also common. This emblem of work belongs to a category c whollyed affectional labor (Wayne et al. , 2008). Long in the lead the give ins was colonized, gambol flourished in the h wholenessst-to-goodness World where various methods were used to campaign trade.Notice boards placed discoverside houses indicated what could be had within. Wine cellars gave bring out samples in the streets. And actors paraded in the streets attempting to entice onlookers into theatres. The idea of commerce is very old indeed, and the means of inducing separates into exchange relationship s was not further behind in its organic evolution. ( advertise and Society Review) As we hold seen, an advertisement mess be very simple, and simple denote, eg for events, has been around for as long as people cook been trying to make money out of attracting a wider public.Posters announcing an event were probably the initial form of advertise, and these date gumption to gladiatorial contests in Ancient Rome. The first advertisements, however, which fit our full definition of advertise (ie paid for, occupying space in a media form) appear in newspapers in the septetteenth century. These tended to be straightforward farmingments of fact, without every fancy typesetting or illustrations, and were a good deal indistinguishable from the news stories around them.As the eighteenth century wore on, the Industrial regeneration ga thered pace, and consumer goods became more than sophisticated, manufacturers began to recognize that they motivatinged to create a withdraw for t heir products. Many items were new to consumers, or were new variations. Josiah Wedgewood, who manufactured pottery in England in the second half of the seventeenth century, was particularly good at creating new markets for his w ars through denote.He brought cups and plates into the bud bilk and households of middle class families a more than larger market than the wealthy aristocratic households who had previously been the only barter forrs of dinner party sets. The 19th century saw the skills of the advertiser come to the forefront, as ads began to amalgamate images and words, and adopt the techniques of language and layout that we ar familiar with today. With the proliferation of goods and services in this century, it became recognise that advertizing was an important part of personal credit line, and should be dealt with by experts in the field.Most of the advert agencies that dominate the global markets today were founded in the latter part of the nineteenth century . During the early part of the twentieth century, g everyplacenments began to recognise the power of advertizing to get their message across to their consumers (ie their citizens). This was particularly appargonnt during the First World War, when advertise was used to enlist soldiers and go for regimen policies. (http//www. mediak in a flashall. com/gcse/advertising/advertising. advertizement in Nigeria advertise in Nigeria could be said to keep back started officially with Rev. Henry Townsends theme called Iwe Iroyin in 1859. This particular newspaper carried advertisements on births and separate social events. However, professed(prenominal) advertising is often said to take a crap started in 1928 with the birth of western Afri cig art advancement Limited. Derived from UAC, it was established to cater for the bespeaks of the colonial know in Nigeria and double-u Africa.This companion subsequently became an advertising histrionics in 1929 named Lintas with both other subsidiaries namely Afromedia, the exterior medium and Pearl/Dean, the flick arm. In the 1950s new advertising agencies step to the fored. The medium of advertising was in its early childhood in those age national Government owned National send Corporation (NBC) where he only video recording stations that operated in the quatern regions of East, West, North and later Midwest. With the growth in practitioners, an agency restrictive frame had to be formed to standardize their physical exercises.A meeting of the agencies held at E notwithstandinge Metta, Lagos in 1971 was to translate into tie beam of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) with the objective of protecting practitioners against unfavorable business. The acquaintance was later renamed Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN) . The need to establish an institution Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) by Decree 55 of 1988, later renamed Act 55 of 1988 by the noncomba tant administration on November 1989, the first meeting of the association held somewhere in Ebute-meta, Lagos finally culminated to the birth of APCON.In the 1990s the sector came alive, it began to expand beyond advertising as full services public relation firms much(prenominal) as the quadrant JSP and Quest were established. Also the era witnessed the mad rush of foreign affiliations. piece some agencies sought this affiliation to help boost their human capital, others honourable joined the bandwagon just to feel among. Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), exterior(prenominal) Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) later emerged in 1928.Today, Nigerian advertising industry, is making efforts to ascertain that they measured up to global industry formula. Affiliations also avails them of technical knowhow in the argonas of creativity and training. The industry has grown to shooting their adverts locally and injecting a deal of local content in their campaigns the regulatory be of advertising, APCON, is living up to expectations by the measures put in place to sanitize the industry. Of note is professionalizing the practice to ensure that quacks are reduced if not flushed out completely.Again measures are adopted to ensure practitioners operate within set advertising standards. sectioned associations include Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON), Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (MIPAN), Advertisers Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), Newspapers proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and exterior(a) Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN).OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAoutside advertising in Nigeria has its humble beginning rooted in colonial history. Advertising development in Nigeria could be hypnotismd to about 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited a subsidiary of the United African Company (UAC). The company was set up to cater for the marketing activities of UAC in both Nigeria and other West African countries as at that time. The company was later to transmogrify to a full-fledged advertising firm in 1929 and was named Lintas with two other subsidiaries, Afromedia, the outsidesy(a) medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm.Then headed by expatriates, the companies were to enjoy a monopoly for a long time. It was not until 1950s when other advertising agencies started to emerge on the scene. Ogilvy, Benson and Martha (OBM) and Grant were later to join the fray to form the whopping three in the industry (Saleem et al. , 2010). In the 50s, other sizes of structures care 8 tabs, 1b sheet and few bulletin boards at Iddo were erected for such(prenominal) clients as Nigeria tobacco plant company, Nigeria breweries and Langucy stores. The history of outside is the history of advertising in Nigeria.What has evolved into advertising practice today started formerly around 1928 with the validation of a UAC subsidiary know as the West African Publicity, wh ose major activity was producing exterior(a)(prenominal)(a) advertising for UK companies based in Nigeria. The business has since grown over the years to bring to pass a multibillion naira outfit (Tirmizi et al. , 2009). In 1957 all billboards on railway space was landed to MRS Freemont. railroad lines having set up an outdoor advertising department in 1956. In July 1958, Messrs J. W Mills, Chairman and Managing Director of Mills and Rockleys, a U. K based outdoor advertising company and Mr. G.C Campbell of Franco Signs Limited visited Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu with the writer for on-the-scene(prenominal) assessment of the of the fields potentials. A year later Afromedia Nigeria particular was registered precisely on the 28th October, 1959. West Africa publicity which was the first outdoor changed its name to Lintas Nigeria express with the new management staff in Afromedia limited Mr. D. M. Casey. Outdoor started in earnest and then the first 40 sheet was erected at the j unction of Apapa road and denfor street with number LA 1 and a 16 sheet board was erected on the wall of 4 custom sheet corner of phoenix lane numbered LA2.The Manager called M. D. Redman brought in Afromedia in about 1961. Proper documentation of all billboards giving such details as date of erection, landlords name, address of billboards, annual ascribable to landlord or local government council and campaign in 1963. Mr. Kelly of Afromedia commission media query, which sequel gave credence to the posters medium in Nigeria in terms of coverage during the comparable period.Mr.Kelly spear-headed the development of outdoor industry by bringing clients that patronized outdoor intensively together to form an associate with the outdoors companies Afromedia and Railways with name as Outdoors Advertising Contractors of Nigeria (OACAN). However, during this period, there were other outdoors companies, like Railway publicizing Service, Nigeria Advertising Service (NAS), Wilmer Publicit y Gilbertson Advertising Limited, Nigeria Commercial and Industries opening move Publicity Associates of Nigeria limited. The first posters printing in Nigeria was done in 1962, by Afromedia.The company was late sold to the Nigeria Management Staff in March, 1974 (BECAME INDIGENISED). During the period, new outdoors advertisement structures were introduced. Sheet unit in 1979, Jewel instrument 1989, Timed in 1990, Rooftop in 1990, Directional Street Signs in 1990. UAC West Africa publicity limited set up in 1928, around 1959 it was splinted into two Afromedia and Lintas. Outdoor publicizing Contractor of Nigeria came into being in 1954 and the name was changed to Outdoor Adversting Association of Nigeria (OAAN) in 1986 to reflect both in outlook and practice.Outdoors is the oldest advertising medium in Nigeria, though the print media was few years forward of outdoors. Outdoor advertising however has witnessed its altercates over the years and in what looked like the major steps to address the problem facing the outdoor sub-sector of the advertising industry, stakeholders in the industry, including government, practitioners and advertisers experience identify areas of conflict between practitioners and regulatory agencies.Among other things, there is a reviewed that outdoor advertising practice and regulatory milieu in the country and charted the way forward for a thriving and mutually rewarding outdoor advertising industry. Despite the challenges impertinenced by the sector, there are over clxv outdoor firms quiesce existing in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria (Latif and Abideen, 2011). The first act of billboard demolition took place during the Raji Rasaki army regime. This action marked the beginning of billboard extermination in the country. In 2006, there was massive demolition of billboards in Abuja.The exercise was aimed at sanitising the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), but the resultant effect was the agony it caused some outdoor agencies, some even filed for bankruptcy. In 2007, Lagos State Signage and Advertising bureau (LASAA) went on a crusade against billboards in the responsibility (Saleem et al. , 2010). Today, out of home plate (outdoor) advertising has gone beyond rusty poles signage in Nigeria. The major lapsing featured segmented scrolling billboards, unipoles, ultra waves, crossway billboards (gantries) backlit, Hexa signs and the latest of them is the light emitting diodes conduct screen billboards.These evolutionary billboards designs are meant to make the outdoor advertising functions more effective, little stressful yet delivering value for money (Latif and Abideen, 2011). These latest electronically incorporateled billboards could be managed from the agencies office without any stress. Another advantage and a bask to clients is that it could also be monitored by the clients from their offices removing the hassle of going to spy on a billboards post for monitoring. Just like other digital foundation garments, this one also comes with accuracy, ease, speed and trend.This new technology provides aerial beautification (Saleem et al. , 2010). Outdoor advertising has its challenges. Among these challenges are conflicting regulations and multiple taxation, huge debts and demolition of their billboards. In the face of all these, the practitioners are undaunted because outdoor advertising business is still booming in Nigeria. Issues in Outdoor Advertising in Nigeria Clients obligation Regulatory Issues Technological Issue Clients Indebtedness.Clients indebtedness mud one of the get alongs that has plagued the outdoor advertising industry in Nigeria, according to a report by Bernard Okhakume in the business column of the Nations newspaper on the 10th of February, 2013, successive upon their (Outdoor Advertising Agents) debt burden, some of these service providers have closed shop. Over 70% of them today are so heavily indebted they cannot run their offices. At the close of business year 2012, some of them simply disengaged their staff and opted for one-person(prenominal) show pending when situation improves.The situation tends to be as a result of the fact that clients can simply take their wares to other practitioners by and by being indebted to one agency. However a strong association between practitioners can help to reduce this, In India, the Indian Outdoor Advertising Association is so strong it clearly enounces its ingredientship is well up over 78% of outdoor corporate service providers in the country. For a country almost the size of a continent, such achievement is exceedingly commendable. Its size enables the association so much power to establish and enforce practice rules, code and ethics.The members are sure to be protected against remains abuse. It is not unlikely that clients do owe outdoor agencies in India, but for a scenario such as prevalent in our local market to play out there, is certainly not permissible (http//thenationonlineng. net/new/againoutdoor-advertising-clients-indebtedness/). Regulatory Issues Outdoor advertising regulation has a long-standing tradition of lean (Charles R. Taylor and John c. Taylor, Journal of public policy& marketing (http//www. jstor. org/stable/30000175). The need to curb haphazard and chaotic outdoors practice in the country led to the emergence of Regulatory bodies.However Practitioners have continued to complain over this Strangulation as some referred to it. APCON chairman, Mr. Lolu Akinwumi, at the 2012 edition of the annual advertising forum organised by the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) under the theme, Outdoor Advertising Regulation and Control in Nigeria. said the out-of-home is a major particle of advertising practice, which in recent years had suffered some decline, especially as a result of different regulatory regimes, resulting in superior be of operations for practitioners.However, observers have noted that the regulation of outdoor agencies by the government is not a one sided coin, The effort to check the indiscriminate deployment of outdoor posters, banners, signs and billboards across the secernate is finally paying off, for example a drive through Lagos state ordain see an array of safely and attractively positioned Boards, its almost as if you are in a western sandwich Country, said Omoba Segun Adewale of Proview Advertising agency.In Nigeria, following the establishment of The Lagos State Signage and advertising say-so as established by the Lagos State Structures for Signage and advertizing Agency Law, 2006 and the Amendment thereto a body that is responsible for regulating and controlling outdoor advertising and signage displays in Lagos State (http//www. lasaa. com/who-we-are/sthash. bTsdXaKf. dpuf). Several states are beginning to establish state regulatory agencies to help manage an industry that either to as been a free for all affair.Technological Issue Practitioners in align economies such as South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America (to mention a few), the challenging issues are not indebtedness and member business shut tidy sum due to clients indebtedness. Practitioners in those economies are now focused on innovative creativity. They are rather challenged by issues such as technological advancement in outdoor advertising practice, research and strategic planning and global innovativeness (not begging to be paid for job done three years back).In Nigeria, aside from Lagos state that is always on its toes to keep up with modern technology in the field of outdoor advertising, practitioners are still battling with technology in Nigeria, some have attributed this to the cost of having technology especially when clients are not willing to pay the enamor fee. Despite all the issues raised however, it is interesting to note that over 165 outdoor firms still existed in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria ( http//w ww. thisdaylive. com/articles/charting-the-future-of-outdoor-advertising/120264/).HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISINGHumans have been creating wall art since the time we lived in caves. What the wall art was used for, and at what point it crossed from artistic display to marketing for a business is an interesting question. During the time of the ancient Egyptians the government was using images work into stones to post the laws and regulations of the land. This carving into stones may, in a way, have been the oldest form of outdoor advertising (Mick, 1986). The modern-day billboard advertising approach can trace its roots to lithography, which was an invention of the late 1790s.The genius of this invention is that it made it likely to mass produce as many posters and announcements as a business needed. There was one major limitation to the outdoor billboards being produced at the time, and that was the quality of the posters they did not stand up when exposed to the elem ents for prolonged periods of time. The circuses were one of the first businesses to profit from this new form of mass marketing, and so outdoor advertising underwent a major innovation which brought us the modern billboard advertising that we know today.The earliest use of the billboard by the circuses dates back to 1835. Prior to the invention of lithography, billboard copy could only be produced on a very small scale which made it significantly less effective as a marketing tool than it is today (Koc, 2002). The true test of a new product is how well it holds up later on being introduced to the market for the first time. Several prominent forms of advertising have come into the advertising world and created whole new marketplaces without rendering the conventionalistic outdoor billboard obsolete.Its a true sign that traditional outdoor billboards are here to stay. Despite the rise of radio, television and network advertising, the outdoor advertising industry remains stronger than ever. The modern-day billboard, like the outdoor advertising industry as a whole, are a volition to how simple, sturdy, and flexible marketing solutions can endure despite rapid innovation in marketing campaign strategies and emerging technologies (Bittlingmayer, 2008).REGULATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAAdvertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON), established by Act No. 93 of 1992 is the regulatory body of all advertising practitioners. However, Outdoor Advertising Agency Association of Nigeria (OAAN) was the regulatory body responsible for regulating outdoor advertising in Nigeria earlier the various State government took over with Lagos state pioneering this move with the establishment of LASAA. The pre-LASAA era saw Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria, OAAN, performing the bivalent roles of a regulator and a trade association.The OAAN era attracted more criticisms than accolades because of the uncrystallized environment and the manner in which op erators went about business. It was an era when every tom, irradiation and harry could set up an outdoor advertising agency without due registration and process. In 2006 Lagos state set the pace with LASAA and other States followed in this line of action and introduced their state agencies to regulate and control the business.The states include Kano State, the state recruited the services of Chris Park Marketing Services (CPMS), Oyo State has the Oyo State Signage and Advertisement Agency (OYSAA), in Ogun State, the Ogun State Signage and Advertising Agency (OGSAA) is doing the job bandage in Ekiti State, the Ekiti State Signage and Advertisement Agency (EKSAA) is responsible for the job in Rivers State its Rivers State Signage Agency while The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, gave the righteousness to Afromedia, others are Cross river state sign board and signage agency (CRISSA), Kwara State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KWASAA), Anambra State Signage and Advertisement Agen cy (ANSAA), Bauchi State Signage and Advertisement Management Agency (BASSAMA), Kano State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KASAA), Ondo State Signage and Advertisement Agency (OSSAA) and Rivers State Signage Agency amongst others. While States like Anambra and Akwa Ibom states are on the verge of setting up and/or leasing the business to consultants.Ogun State attempt to adopt LASAAs style but could not due to political reasons. Ekiti State, the EKSAA never found its footing due to lack of political will.The state governments collaborative effort with LASAA collapsed because some stakeholders in Ekiti tangle it was an imported idea. Oyo State is currently enjoying smooth services as OYSAA sanitation exercise got little or no resistance. However, the Director General of OYSAA, Yinka Adepoju, has lamented operators and brand owners cooperation on the area of levy and dues remittance, which, he claimed, is not encouraging. Kano State took an fundamental measure in its effort to en force the new rules when CPMS in uniting with the states Urban Planning & Development Authority pulled down over N300 million worth of billboards and hoardings. The regulation and control activities in the state became the most draconian.The pricing of billboards in the state by CPMS is said to be outrageous despite the fact that Kano is not a commercially operable city for advertisers compared to the situation in Lagos State. While stakeholders have applaud the state governments initiative to beautify and modernize the city, they have also decried the excessive rate and undue grandstanding of the concessionaire. Investigations showed that members of Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) are groaning over their inability to pay the new rate while advertisers are reluctant to accommodate new prices as budgets had already been planned before the new price regime in the state.The FCT, Abuja, is the new entrant into the outdoor advertising business and the intent of the FC T Administration is clear. For it, it is all about revenue enhancement and it has concluded plans to raise the sum of N3 billion from outdoor advertisements annually to cast up its Internally Generated Revenue (IGR). The FCT parson, Senator Bala Abdulkadir Muhammed, made this disclosure in Abuja during an synergistic session with outdoor advertisement stakeholders, where it announced Afromedia as the concessionaire to the project. The Minister restated that the FCT Administration is working towards avoiding visual assault and pollution caused by stochastic advertisements and signages on the streets and neighbourhood of the 8000 square kilometers of the Federal Capital Territory.The state regulatory agencies often been referred as interventionist-agencies have the statutory obligations of regulating the practice of outdoor advertising in the country and are expected to enhance the saucer of the environment, which will serve as a big plus to aesthetics. The agencies have ensured that the stakes are higher now, promoting healthy competition and has tremendously repositioned the outdoor advertising industry. The stakes are higher now, unlike in the past, what we have now as billboards can compete favorably with others anywhere in the world. Besides, the environment is saner and cleaner, which serves as a major attraction to investors.As good as it all seems to have been since 2006 for the state government regulators some new challenge continue to emerge and pose itself as a problem, its the issue of the Police, Military and other FG establishments in the state practicing outdoor by disrespect by putting up illegal outdoor signages. The question out there is are there unwritten laws that permits these set of institutions to regulate and control the signage industry or is there a bill underway that will enable them to FASCINATING FACTS FROM THE EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING INFORMATION ABOUT BILLBOARDS IN NIGERIAOutdoor advertising is the oldest and most basic typ e of advertising.More people can view one particular billboard than AIT Television Station. The fact remains that the billboard moldiness be located in a high traffic area.Billboards are viewed nearly 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by billions of different people.OAAA did a get in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are truly read. Most other types of media cannot compare to this and that is the fact. Reach Billboards in Lagos reaches 80% of all Lagos population.Television commercials (which ranks 1) reaches 85% of all Lagos population. Other type of Media.The average person must see a television commercial at least seven times before they actually remember viewing the commercial.Outdoor Advertising cost 80% less than television advertising, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio advertisements.Repetition is extremely helpful when you are trying to increase your product awareness, or when you simply want to get you r message across to millions of people. This task can easily be accomplished with billboard campaigns.Outdoor advertising makes it extremely easy to target, or not to target, a specific market.Billboards are usually the final message we see right before we purchase an item. So why not direct everyone to your product? Driving Trends.People are shake offing more time in their vehicle than they do to read the paper and watch the news For example, the traffic in Lagos, Nigeria makes it possible for you to spend about six (6) hours on the road to work and back.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read. How do billboard rates compare to other types of advertising?Outdoor advertising has a lower cost per thousand (CPM) than any other type of advertising. Outdoor ads cost 80% less than television commercials, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio ads.Billboards have been rated higher than any other type of advertising for their ability to pass around ideas at the lowest possible prices.Outdoor advertising has a larger audience than any other type of advertising. Outdoor advertising is the only type of media that has constant exposure.No other type of advertising allows your message to be displayed 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Ads on billboards are free to consumers you do not have to buy a magazine, cable television, or a newspaper to see your advertisement (http//victorariyibi. blog flaw. com/2007_08_01_archive. html).Other facts about advertisingAdvertising has existed as far back as 3000 BC63% of consumers need to hear company claims 3-5 times before they actually believe it.Youre more likely to survive a plane crash than photograph a banner ad.The first newspaper ad was in 1650 to offer a reward for 12 stolen horses.The first professional advertising agency was launched in 1841 in Philly.Advertising first became an academic discipline in 1900 at Northweste rn.Unilever & JWT first partnered in 1902, creating the longest relationship in advertising history.A mishandle formula brand was the first to sponsor a blimp (in 1902).The first ad agency to launch a product was JWT on behalf of P&G in 1911, for their product Crisco.The first radio ad spot was offered in 1922 $100 for ten minutesIn 1929, Lucky run across spent $12.3M on ads, the most in history to that point to promote just one product.The first TV ad was for Bulova Clocks & reached 4000 TVs (http//blog. hubspot. com/the-history-of-advertising-war-for-consumer-attention-slideshare ).