Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay

A psychiatric or psycho logical trouble is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant look atment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, stirred disorders, Anxiety and Tourettes syndrome atomic number 18 each classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line surrounded by neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the two types of disorders argon a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. psychiatric disorders are often linked to environmental factors as well as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological question advances, shell outments and a better rationality of psychiatric disorders comes to bear.The term schizophrenia means a psychic faulting or splitting of psychic function. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH & content Library of medicate web site defines schizophrenia as having five different categories catatonic, disorganized, paran oid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH & topic Library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a specific represent of symptoms that is well-nighly unique to that category of the disorder, only if schizophrenia in usual creates a delusional picture of reality which disrupts the soulfulnesss behavior, logic and emotions. A good example of schizophrenia and the related dissociative disorders are the movie Sybil or the more recent film A well-favored Mind, and a nonher fine example is the television show United States of Tara. both(prenominal) movies and the Show cadence net hold outs series depict the lives of a psyche low with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders.Neuroleptics and antipsychotic medicines are cognize to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not lay down view set up like those associated with Parkinsons disorder. The medication is know to possess blood disorders. Neuroleptic m edication is used to block the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics help schizophrenics, and certain patients do benefit from the relief these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication however schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH & National Library of Medicine web site mentioned unnatural antipsychotics have proven to treat symptoms for schizophreniawith few side effects and is the best option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH & National Library of Medicine, 2008).A operating surgeon in the 1950s and early 1960s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor notice that the medicine acted as a calming agent and recommended chlorpromazine to slack hard to control psychotic patients. chlorpromazine did not assuage the symptoms of psychosis, entir ely the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the research process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a minute level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a in high spirits-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposite end of the spectrum. A breakthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist.The duo studied the chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors instead of the original theory of lessen dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia wasnot due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007). excited disorders are another form of a psychiatric disorder. Emotional disorders take bipolar disorder, slack, and manic disorder. Depression is classified as a state of unacceptable sadness. At some point in a soulfulnesss life one allow for encounter a period of depression due to a tragedy such(prenominal) as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of bad luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and outlet to a normal life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the home the disease also takes over the person reservation it difficult to engage in a normal day-to-day routine. monomania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high energy and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or hopped up on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an exceedingthing to be constantly in a good enliven there is a negative side to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not thinking out front they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.There are two theories created to excuse the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is ground on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressant drugs, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonistsof serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on catching predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that bewitch the disorder. This means that people who have stress early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in change state causing depression. (Pinel, 2007).There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) initially used to treat tuberculosis but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts almost the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOIs. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania.The discovery was make when a researcher well-tried guinea pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between peak highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent old age is selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRIs are Prozac, sertraline and Paxil. The SSRIs are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007).Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is attach to by rapid heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are fivetypes of anxiety disorders including general anxiety, phobias, psychoneurotic compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brains involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to assault anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly visit medications, though they tend to make the patient drowsy. The medicine isalso known to be highly addictive and is recommended only for short-t erm usage.Buspirone is a serotonin agonist which relaxes the ashes and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourettes syndrome is known for unwilled movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and vocal tics. The tics can be a little as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of grungy words or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourettes, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, association cortex and thalamus are affiliated to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no reanimate for Tourettes, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008).Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and health issues, while Tourettes causes tics rangin g from subtle to severe. over time psychological advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder.ReferencesCEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http//www.csmc.edu/5540.htmlNIH & National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000928.htmPinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.