A Synopsis Of Tb Health And Social Care Essay

A Synopsis Of Tb Health And Social sustenance EssayAbstractTB or Tuberculosis being a bacterial ailment is noblely infective but it has its cures and measures. The sickness is a study point of concern in South Africa, especi every(prenominal)y in the aras of Western drapery. It is so common among them that one out of ten large number relegate this disease and if not treated in a seasonably and in force(p) manner the give person sack affect 20 some other muckle or much in a year. jibe to the World Health Organizations (WHOs) globular TB Report 2009, South Africa ranks one-fifth among the 22 high-burden atomic number 65 (TB) countries. South Africa had more or less 460,000 new TB cases in 2007, with a frequency position of a witnessed 948 cases per 100,000 population a major raise from 338 cases per 100,000 population in 1998. (Source, (World Health Organization Statistics, 2009).A Synopsis of TBTuberculosis being a bacterial disease is caused by micro-organism, a bacilli scientifically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which enters the auto lively trunk by inhaling through and through the lungs. From where they hatful penetrate to other parts of the body through the blood, lymphatic system via airways or by direct transfer to other body organs. It develops in the body in twain stages Tuberculosis infection in which an individual breathes in the TB bacilli and becomes infected but the infection is contained by the immune system. The other stage is when the infected individual develops the disease himself. bulge out of those people who do become infected, most will never develop the disease unless their immune system is seriously damaged for instance by stress, human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, diabetes or malnutrition. The bacteria remains dormant deep down the body if the long-suffering of is BCG injected. BCG immunization at the time of birth provides up to 80% aegis against the progression TB infection to make up form of a diseas e. A basic sign of TB is consistent cough of two weeks, so the earlier the uncomplaining goes to the clinic to get a check up, the more curable it is. Other severe signs argon bleeding in cough, night sweating, weight-loss and light-breathing.TB in South AfricaAfrica and southern AfricaIn their 1997 reports on the tuberculosis pestilential and on anti-tuberculosis drug fortress in the world, the WHO paints a bleak persona of the global failure of wellness service providers to deal with the burden of tuberculosis. In the 216 reporting division countries of the WHO, representing a total population of 5,72 billion, there were an estimated 7,4 cardinal new cases of tuberculosis in 1995. This represents a rate of 130 cases among either 100 000 persons.In Africa the case rate is 216 per 100 000. The 11 countries of the grey Africa sub percentage contribute approximately 275 000 cases e truly year to the total case demoralise in Africa. Almost half of these come from South Afri ca. In an summary of tuberculosis trends and the impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the situation in the subregion, it is estimated that by 2001 the smear positive case rate would have increase from 198 per 100 000 population for the region as a whole, to 681 per 100 000 if tuberculosis dominate efforts are not optimised. To aggravate the situation, 69% of these cases would be nowadays attributable to human immunodeficiency virus infection.1A serious complication of the tuberculosis fuss in Southern Africa has been the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of the organism causing the disease. Patients infected with MDR require prolonged chemotherapy with very dearly-won practice of medicine which will at best cure only half of them. Such sermons carryress at least 100 times as ofttimes as the cost of curing an ordinary tuberculosis patient infected with drug-sensitive bacteria. Very hardly a(prenominal) countries can afford this additional burde n.In order to determine the order of magnitude of the MDR problem in Southern Africa, and the implication for National Tuberculosis Programmes (NTPs), surveys are being conducted in various countries as part of the activities of the WHO/IUATLD Global operative Group on Tuberculosis medicine subway Surveillance. So remote, write outledge is available for quatern countries in southern Africa Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, and Swaziland.Results confirmed that initial resistance to first-line drugs is relatively low in southern Africa compared to some other regions in Africa and Asia where the problem is up to 5 times more common. Resistance rates range mingled with 4% and 12% for isoniazid, and between 4% and 7% for streptomycin. For rifampicin it is 1% and for ethambutol 1% MDR is fortunately still low at 1%, indicating that resistance strains are not commonly transmitted from person to person. On the other hand, rates for acquired resistance, that is resistance which has ar isen in patients previously inadequately treated for tuberculosis, are at least three times high than in patients not previously exposed to anti-TB medical specialtys. The high rates of acquired resistance point to a failure of control programmes to effectively manage case-holding and handling adherence.TB handlingThe full course intervention time can stretch up to eight months with consistency as a major factor. People who stop manipulation develop a multi-drug resistance which makes the disease more complicated. TB can prove disastrous if not treated.The handling is in two sortsThe intensive phase consists of taking four unlike drugs for five days a week, for two to three months.The continuation phase consists of taking two drugs for five days a week for four to five months. indifference tests are regularly taken every two months for keeping a check on the progress.DOTSThe Department of Health in South Africa has implemented the World Health Organizations DOTS (directly obse rved treatment short course) technique to make sure patients adhere to treatment. DOTS have been implemented in a good number of clinics in the Western Cape. An essential cistron of the strategy is the punt and back-up offered to TB patients for the entire six to eight-month treatment phase, where they are directly observed taking their medication at the clinic.The DOTS strategy is plant in the following principles.Government CommitmentThe support of the interior(a) and idyll Heads of the Department of Health has significantly helpedSouth Africa to implement the DOTS strategy. This support is essential because DOTS requiressignificant changes of approach and tends to challenge old practices. Although the strategy offersthe least expensive way of tackling TB, lots it requires substantial redirection of funds and thiscannot happen without the political shipment and support of key decision makers.Directly Observed Treatment Short-course as a global initiative, is a breakthrough that is increaselyproviding solutions to the control of the TB epiphytotic in South Africa. However, it is a new strategyand as such may seem at first complicated and confusing. This still shows the need to effectivelyand adequately reorientate our resources and train wellness round and treatment supporters to thisstrategy. This means that each one of us from all sectors has a major role to play. TB is everywhereand as such effective TB control should be practised everywhere. Good TB control is part of gooddistrict development.2.2 Identifying Infectious PatientsTB is a bacterial disease and bacterial tools should be used to manage it. The TB sway programmeis moving away from chest x-rays as a essential method of diagnosis. A crucial element ofDOTS is to use microscopes to check that septic TB is reliably and cost -effectively diagnosed.The first priority and the key bribe in the new programme is to cure infectious patients at the very firstattempt to slow down the epidemic.T he over use of x -rays is discouraged as the primary means to confirm the diagnosis of TB becauseit does not tell whether a patient is infectious, and it is difficult to distinguish between active TB andother lung diseases or scarring. This leads to over diagnosis so that health workers could be treatingmany patients that do not have active TB and are not sick with TB. More importantly, the TB epidemicin South Africa is approaching uncontrollable levels and energies should be knockout on curinginfectious TB patients to stop the spread of this disease. Only bacteriology identifies infectiouspatients.2.3 Direct Observation of TreatmentThe implementation of DOTS ensures that every TB patient should have the support of anotherperson to ensure that they swallow their medication daily. The treatment supporter does not have tobe a master health worker, but can be any responsible member of the community. Employers,colleagues and community members can act as treatment supporters. Using fa mily members is oftenproblematic but has been masteryful in exceptional cases. This person should know the signs andsymptoms of TB, side effects of TB drugs and the importance of taking TB medication regularly forthe patient. They should withal motivate and empower patients and their families and provide themwith a bankrupt understanding of TB and the importance of cure.Treatment supporters are best recruited as part of a community based system which is reviewedannually and its resolutenesss documented. Treatment supporters should work closely with local healthauthorities.Because of the length of time, the patient has to take treatment, completing TB treatment is a specialchallenge and requires an unregenerate intellect of commitment. This may be easy to sustain while thepatient feels sick. However, after a few weeks of taking treatment, patients often feel ruin and seeno reason for continuing their treatment. It is thus essential for health workers or treatment supportersto be supportive and use the initial pointedness to bond with the patient. This will enable them to builda strong affinity in which the patient believes and trusts advice given by the treatment supporter.2.4 Standardized Drug CombinationsA daily dose of a powerful combination of medications is administered to TB patients for five days aweek. Combination tablets simplify treatment and ensure that drugs are not given separately andtherefore decrease the lay on the line of drug resistance.2.5 Reliable Reporting SystemA reliable record and reporting system is necessary in order to monitor progress. Sputum resultsshould also be recorded to document smear conversion. This gives an accurate cadence ofperformance and one can pick out force fields which need support.The First bill to Filling the Country with DOTSSetting up Demonstration and Training Districts (DTDs) in 1997 was one of the first crucial steps inthe implementation of the DOTS strategy. In South Africa at least one Demonst ration and Trainingarea was identified in each province where all the elements of DOTS would be select in the managementof TB services. Initially these areas would receive the necessary resources and support toensure that they function well. When these districts demonstrate success in implementing DOTSthey can be used as examples and training points to expand DOTS provincially and country-wide.Major Barriers universal TB kills nearly 5000 people, which is one person every 20 seconds. (WHO, Global TB Report, 2009). There is a presence of numerous barriers while accessing TB care especially in the poor communitiesEconomic Barriers Delay in seeking health care occurs collectable to lack of money for expatriation plus the time lost working.Socio-cultural Barriers Lack of awareness and stigma more or less TB.Geographical Barriers Long distances from health care facilities and TB diagnosis and treatment centers.Health System Barriers Delays in diagnosis as a result of knowledge la pse among health care workers.The ever existing barriers to the success of the targets involve overlooking of TB control by government, lack of pecuniary and human resources to provide regulation and quality control, weak and stigma health systems, poorly managed TB control health centers, poverty in majority of communities, population escalation and a significant boost in drug-resistant TB (particularly MDR-TB) and the recent, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). Lack of new diagnostic tools has impeded progress in TB control programs. Perhaps the greatest challenge to achieving the TB targets, however, has been the ever-growing HIV bang and the resultant increase in HIV-associated TB.A regional necessity was once declared in the large parts of this region due to unrestrained epidemic of HIV-associated TB.The start of such an epidemic as the TB/HIV one has seriously compromised even historically firm national TB programs working globally. TB programs are weighed down by this increasing volume of HIV-associated TB cases and by the necessity to manage cases and ensure treatment completion. in addition, TB is the leading source of death among HIV-infected persons, and HIV is the strongest picture of progression from dormant TB infection to active disease. Thus, TB programs that were almost up to the mark by WHA-set global TB targets have seen their treatment and completion rates plummet.The TB/HIV combination has also had a remarkable impact on human resources.In a outwear force that has remained the same or shrinked, the increased overall number of TB patients has damaged TB programs infrastructure and amplified poor TB results such as treatment default, death and the emergence of XDR-TB. The HIV-associated TB epidemic has led to an escalating rate of smear-negative and extra pulmonary TBthese forms of TB do not add to the case-detection targets and are more difficult to identify. Moreover, smear-negative TB has a worse vaticination than smear-positive TB amongst those who are also HIV-infected.TB and HIVThe HIV outbreak has led to a massive increase in the number of fatal TB cases. TB is not delineateable for a third of all deaths in HIV infected people. People with HIV are far more vulnerable to TB infection, and are not as much able to fight it off. Recent studies by Wood, (2007) in a region with an approximate HIV prevalence of about 20% in Cape Town, calculated that the pulmonary TB-warning rate among HIV-infected persons in that area amounted to 5,140 cases per 100,000 and that the rate amongst HIV-uninfected individuals in the same area was 953 cases per 100,000. Using these statistics, the determinable fraction for TB among HIV-infected individuals in that area aggregated to 82 percent.Conclusion RecommendationsThe overall purpose of the project is to identify gamble factors and make appropriate recommendations based both on the available evidence and the studies that stem from this project. As such, recommendations ar e structured in terms of the conceptual framework of this document. Nevertheless, the existing evidence from current information and literature reviews allows us to pinpoint areas where interventions are clearly required. On these grounds, we can make indisputable recommendations.Introduce epidemiologically-led behavioural interventionsReference has been made to the heterogeneity in HIV prevalence in the province (Shaikh et al, 2006). This unevenness is also apparent in the provincial TB profile. It is therefore important to identify the geographical focal points for interventions fit in to this disease distribution that has been identified by routine surveillance. Populations at high risk for infection may be identified according to geographical area, as well as according to other demographic factors such as age, sex and socio-economic status. By bringing up awareness in populations at high risk and targeting specific high risk behaviors, interventions will be more effective in heavy(p) the incidence of new infections.Target hotspots firstOnce populations at risk have been identified, geographically discrete regions should be selected for resource allocation and concentrate interventions. An implementation of interventions based on the known and expected burden of disease will prioritise the roll out of a prevention strategy. ginmill efforts that address HIV infection should identify areas and populations where there are certain risk factors and areas of high HIV prevalence must apply concentrated intervention of TB programmes.Identify and manage at-risk groups earlierBehavioural and confabulation strategies for highest risk groups must be pro-active in their efforts, and target the false sense of security that exists regarding the risk of HIV infection. At-risk populations should include vulnerable groups such as women, and also specific groups such as prisoners, commercial sex workers, mobile persons and labour migrants. Awareness of the risk of TB among HIV infected people must be raised both in communities and within the health service.Integrate prevention and treatmentWhile evaluating the effectiveness of prevention programmes within an epidemiological context, the potential future impact of treatment of both HIV/AIDS and TB needs to be examined.Adapt relevant creation servicesGoal-directed partnerships between social-cluster group departments should be actively pursued. election allocation must be rationalised within a broader spectrum than only the health services. The high burden of TB must be taken into account in this process, and be assigned equal importance as the efforts against the spread of HIV. In addition to intersectoral collaboration towards intervention for both these infectious diseases, more effort must be made to integrate the management of HIV/AIDS with TB..

Early Learning Environment | Reflective Essay

be eras breeding Environment Reflective EssayMarie GreyReflective diaryIntroductionFor this smoothenive diary portfolio I drop chosen to verbalise slightly(predicate) two completely different activities, angiotensin-converting enzyme exterior and atomic number 53 indoor(a). The go forthdoor activeness promotes holistic schooling in m well-nigh(prenominal) conniptions which I leave alone discuss at bottom the thoughtfulness and the main factor which guesss this legal bodily process is the milieu. In the indoor drill it as wholesome as promotes different atomic number 18as of holistic study which I achieve alike discuss in the portfolio below in more details. The main factor here is parityships, family life or eachiance and also fond factors. I sense of smell I expect hit the bookst a lot doneout this module. In regards of the breeding environment and how important it is for the boilersuit learning or maturation of a tiddler. The environment run intos an important sh atomic number 18 inwardly the Early Childhood C ar and study (ECCE) condition.In my intellection the environment as a whole includes the centre, areas, indoors and out, materials, curriculum and e precisething that surrounds or rivals the child. Practiti wizardrs fox a duty to provide a warm, safe, encouraging, run oning, friendly environment for for each(prenominal)(prenominal) one child to sustain them develop holistic ally and to their abounding potential. Age eliminate activities, materials, equipment, books and games are very important. Why I mention these areas, if the children are doing activities or bring materials that are for younger children than them. They will stay at the developmental stage they are currently at without progression. On the separate debate if the materials/equipment is suitable for former(a)er children they will throw difficulty. For representative if a 3yr old is doing a puzzle suitable for a 6yr old, it w hitethorn be excessively hard for the child. They may become frustrated and gain a dislike for puzzles or lose interest altogether missing out on learning opportunities.Daily routines are equally important in their induce function I require acquire through this module how routines claim children. Daily routines are in place for the benefit of twain provide and children. It benefits round so they nourish an overall goal for the solar day to lam towards. excessively it earmarks mental faculty to get the form they need to do through with(p) deep down a certain time-frame. How I remember it supports and helps children, is by endowment the structure and a sense of time, as children do non to the full understand the apprehension of time. This makes it easier for them to detect what time of day it is palpate it helps the day feel less long for those who are in that location for a full day. Also routine is important for pre-schoolers to prepare them for schoo l.A big one which I feel is very important in both setting and in life would be equality and diversity. I have learned slip appearance of promoting this. By doing activities and discussing different cultures with the children. It is very important to promote these areas as there are lots of different family roles and cultures attending our settings. Space is very important for children. They need space to run around, explore, play and do activities. If there is limited space children havent got the freedom to play considerably and grow as exclusives. Also I find slightly children do non like former(a)s in their individualal space and get very upset when former(a)s are too close to them. To pr yett unnecessary dread a blanket(a) area where a root dirty dog play comfortably is ideal. I will discuss further about areas I have gained more understanding and knowledge about and also my soulfulnessal, professed(prenominal) and working as dissever of a company.Activity 1Th e beginning action mechanism I am sacking to talk about is an outdoor activity. It is called the Parachute. This activity involves a big colourful parachute with a company of 2-4year olds and also adult involvement. The reason for this activity is to promote well- macrocosm, thinking and exploring, converse and identity and belonging. While also supporting the learning and holistic development of each child go having fun doing so.Before I started this activity I informed the other staff members about what I was going to be doing and I asked them if they had a parachute on the premises in case I necessary to get one. They had one already, so I proceeded into the storage room and took it out the back. I shook it out and check out it for health and safety matters to make sure it was ready and safe for riding habit with the children. When I came back in it was time to get the children ready to go outside. When their coats where on I told them I had planned a fun activity out th e back garden for them to play. They were very excited. We proceeded out and I called the children cut down to where I had set up the activity in the closely spacious part of the garden. All the staff and children joined in on the activity and we had lots of fun doing it. The children threw balls onto the parachute and we lifted it up and down to filtrate get the balls back off again. Then the children ran under the parachute while the staff manoeuvred it up and down for them. When they were finished the activity their play didnt s tip there. Some of the children wanted to put the parachute on top of the play ho usage. When they asked if they could I simply said of course you groundwork. The children where whence trailing the activity themselves. I decided it best if I retri barelyive stood back and let them enjoy and lead their own play.Impact on holistic development.P.I.L.E.SPhysical- The activity helped streng and then muscles, Hand-eye co-ordination, Gross and bewitching motor skills. The children were utilise their hands to grip/hold the parachute. Using bigger muscles in their blazonry moving them up and down.Intellectual- Imagination, thinking of new games, ideas, leading their own activities.Language-Communicating with each other, discussing ideas for games, learning new words such as Parachute. For children who have not done the activity before.Emotional- I feel this activity had a calming effect as the children saw it move in the wind. Also be outside would impact their well-being and family similarityship building at heart the assemblage.Social- As this was a collection activity it impacted on the children accessiblely, they needed to share the parachute and work together in order for it to move. teaching opportunities.The learning opportunities that occurred during this activity where the development of concepts such as moving the parachute. acquirement what is high and low, fast and slow, up and down, under and over. How this af fects the childrens overall holistic developmental, the activity is promoting all areas of P.I.L.E.S. The affect substructure differ depending on the development of each child. Where some may be advanced for example in their physical development such as their fine motor skills, others may be more advanced in their cognitive development or dexterous development, understanding the above concepts better. In my idea the affects it has on the childs holistic development are beneficial. The activity is also providing the children with time to be out in the fresh air and giving them some exercise. Which will benefit the whole child and their well-being.FactorsEnvironment- The outdoor environment provided freedom and space, the weather was nice, sunny, dry and slightly windy so the parachute could fall upon flight If there had been no wind the activity wouldnt have departed as well.Activity 2The second activity was an indoor activity. A family tree/wall. This activity involved a conco urse of four-spot children at different times. This activity in my opinion support each childs identity and belonging, well-being, communication, and also thinking and exploring. It also support each childs holistic development such as language, social, emotional, physical and intellectual as well as other factors that affect the child such as family and peers or community. I started by informing staff what I was planning to do and see if they had the materials I required. I discussed with the supervisor a time to carry out this activity and we concord to break up the groups into four. The children involved where between 2-4years.I started by growing a big tree, cutting it out, sticking it to a cardboard background to encumber it. Then I mixed up some brown paint and called groups of four children down to the back table to paint. Each child got a branch or part of the trunk to paint. I then got the groups to draw their hand for the leaves. I cut them out, the children coloure d them and drew their family on each fingertip. I could not use photographs for this activity because of somebodyal reasons regarding a particular(a) child.Impact on holistic developmentP.I.L.E.SPhysical-The children were victimization paintbrushes and crayons. These impacts on their fine motor skills, strengthening their hands and pincer grips.Intellectual- The children had to concentrate on the activity, think about their families, and count family members.Language- The children talked about their families, the colours they were using, their pets, and communicated which each other.Emotional- I feel this impacted the just about as the children expressed how they felt through their creative thinking and speech talking about spate in their lives that played a big role in their lives. Their family.Social- It was a small or knowing group and the children socialised very well together. Talking and discussing the activity. Sharing the materials.Learning opportunities.This activity pr ovided the children in my opinion, the opportunity to learn and explore different ideas on families and cultures. It also allows them to discuss their families and cultures or traditions. They have been presented the opportunity to learn about types of family structures such as one parent, two parent, same sex, adoptive/ value or any other types of families the children may have. Even pets in their family. Siblings and grandparents. They arse discuss their own backgrounds and learn more about cultures and beliefs from each other. In my opinion this affects the holistic development of the child in many ways such as, how they connect or socialise with others in groups. The child as a whole is not only scarce their P.I.L.E.S except also their personality, environment, set, culture and experiences.FactorsSocial/Culture- I feel a factor that substitute this activity was social/culture and community/family. How this affects in my opinion, the children expressed their feelings about their families and home life. This has a big impact on children as the family/guardians/parents are the prime care givers they affect every aspect of the childs overall development and well-being.My personal and lord ask.Personally I have learned to be more overconfident and want my own sound judgment more. Also to observe more and stand back letting the children lead their own activities feel more confident to share my ideas and opinions. Professionally I have learned to use different ways and approaches with children when it comes to behaviour feel I have progressed professionally and I am more confident to lead activities and communicate my ideas with staff feel I displace work more professionally within a team and I am able to work on my own intuition with confidence that I am doing a good job and using best practice. I also feel I have helped other staff members identify their learning needs by giving them advice and ideas on their own learning, as there are some staff d oing their Fetac level 5.I try to help them in any way I can by recommending activities and books that may help them. Personally I feel I need to learn more about each childs interests so I can create more activities that the will benefit the children. Also I need to do more research on areas of development and how the factors that affect children. Professionally I need to learn more about each family and their cultures or beliefs so I can help the children explore these areas within the crche. I feel it will benefit myself and other staff members involved. In a professional sense I feel I have learned a lot, but still have a lot more to learn.Working as part of a team and maintaining professional conduct.Practising in a professional manner requires that individuals have skills, knowledge, values and attitudes appropriate to their role and responsibility within the setting. In addition, it requires regular reflection upon practice and engagement in supported, ongoing professional de velopment.(Siolta Standards 2014)In my opinion it is very important to work professionally .Towards parents and staff members working effectually and in a professional manner shows external passel how you use best practice in your setting. How you as an individual represent yourself, the sitting and the standard your help provides. In order to maintain good professionalism you essential be able to work and communicate efficiently and efficiently with your team, management, children and parents. lever is very important, to be professional I feel you must have respect for your colleagues, management, parents and children. Being respectful of other pecks ideas/opinions, backgrounds, selects, even if you may not agree with them or have the same values. Treating race with respect and consideration of their personal beliefs and cultures is very important and shows good professionalism. Staying confirming within your team can resolve or even stay impinge or clashes with co-work ers. Being verificatory of their ideas and views can reflect on how the job is done. Working in a team is vital in childcare and practitioners may need support emotionally as well in some cases where the job or stress of the job may overwhelm some team members. We may need support ourselves one day and its nice to know your team are fanny you to encourage and support you no matter what the situation may be. mental synthesis a good strong working relationship with your team not only benefits you and the team it also benefits the minute state you are warmth for. Again respect comes up, we are role models for the children we care for and if they dont see us being respectful and validatory towards each other, how can we expect them to respect us or each other. What you put out there you receive back.Confidentiality and reliance are equally important in their own right. We must be professional and use confidentiality in all areas of working. Towards parents, staff and children thi s is vital in childcare. Equality is important in any profession especially childcare all involved should treated as equals whether you are only starting your career or are the attractor/supervisor/manager or most experienced.In my opinion if trust is lost or you become known as untrustworthy your professional career and relationship with all involved will suffer. When trust is gone it can never be replaced. (Class notes Team leadership 6N1948).Trusting your teams vox populi is also very important, it helps the team prosper and grow knowing you trust and have faith in their decisions. All the areas I have discussed will help the team become stronger as a unit, therefor reservation it easier to provide the best possible care you can for the children and the support the parents may need whether they ask for it or not they will know its there when they need it.Effective team members promote self-expression of ideas and feelings about group problems and operations. The staff members are candid and seem to know how other staff members feel about topics or issues being discussed.Ineffective teams avoid parole of personal feelings or ideas. The general attitude is that discussion of feelings is inappropriate or potentially dangerous. (homesteadschools.com 2013)ReferencesSiolta the National Quality Framework for Early Childhood Education Standard 11 Professional Practice cited onhttp//www.siolta.ie/ function_standard11.php Accessed online 12th of June 2014Fisher, Kenneth. (2013)_ Leading self-reliant Work Teams A Guide to Developing New Team Leadership Skills Online, Available athttp//www.homesteadschools.com/lcsw/courses/TeamBuilding/Section10.htm Accessed 11th November 2013(Class notes Team Leadership 6N1948) unpublished 2013protagonism battalion With Intellectual Disabilitiesprotagonism People With Intellectual DisabilitiesThis essay will look for at the role of protagonism in relation to representing the views and interests of mint with intellectual dis abilities attending a day military helping. It will briefly look at the historical evolution of protagonism in general and then look in particular at incorporated self- advocacy and citizen advocacy models and how these are utilise for the social inclusion of mass with intellectual disabilities.Day function for mass with intellectual disabilities are considered to be one of the major assistance providers but traditionally have contributed little to the promotion of social inclusion and self-de end pointination (Fyson and Ward, 200464). advocacy has a role in changing these operate by working in coalition with improvement users to increase social association and opportunities for everyday experiences such as employment and further upbringing (Fyson and Ward, 2004).From reviewing and reading literature on the topic it is clear that there is some(prenominal) debate as to what advocacy means. Bateman (2000) suggests that the different types of advocacy can all be inter preted differently and therefore there is no ecumenic definition of advocacy. that all have a common newspaper publisher helping another person obtain something from someone with power (Bateman, 200016).The evolving of advocacy into the multi-model that it now is has come from citizen advocacy and the representation of citizens views (Henderson and Pochin, 2002). The key principles within advocacy are respect for the clients view, as much empowerment and as little dependency for the client as possible, facilitation of informed choices, the counselor-at-law to be single-handed and choice of advocacy for the client (Woods, 200349).A key factor of advocacy is that it allows for the expression of views and wishes of marginalised people who are often relying on advocacy as a means of creating awareness of social issues but also as a means to assess their rights and entitlements (Henderson and Pochin, 2002). The attainment of rights is a key part of advocacy and that advocacy has a ro le in creating awareness of in fair(a)ices (Bateman, 2000). But in relation to people with disabilities the rights are limited and are not enforceable by law (Lawson, on the Web, nd). A right can be define as any claim that is morally just or legally granted as allowable (Final Report, 1995, cited in fabrication for People With Disabilities, 200457).Historically people with intellectual disabilities have been socially excluded from hostel by prejudice and discrimination (About Learning Disabilities, on the Web, nd). Social expulsion rather than social inclusion was the norm where people with intellectual disabilities were excluded from their communities by residing in institutions outside the community and were not granted the same opportunities as others in the general world.Social inclusion in relation to people with disabilities is to increase their club within bon ton and to support them to have self-sufficing lives (Office for Social Inclusion, 2003). In relation to soci al inclusion many organisations such as voluntary and community organisations have used the concept of advocating for their members to repair social inclusion and participation (Woods, 200321).Traditionally the perceptions regarding people with disabilities was to see the person based on their perceived limitations but that these were argufyd by baulk groups that rights held by other citizens to also be attributed to people with disabilities (Barnes and Mercer, 2003).The European Social as summarizee (1996) states that people with disabilities have a right to independence, social integration and participation in the life of the community (Lawson on the Web, nd8).Advocacy in relation to people with intellectual disabilities allows that each person has value (Gray and Jackson, 20029), which is in direct contrast to the historical view held by society of devaluing people with intellectual disabilities. That people with learning disabilities are citizens with the same rights and re sponsibilities as other citizens (Gray and Jackson, 200210).The most effective model of advocacy is that which matches the service users needs but there is often the need to employ more than one type of advocacy where the general overall aim is to promote the attainment of skills for self-advocacy (Woods, 2003).In relation to the needs of people with intellectual disabilities they can be considered to be the most complex in that the disability may not just have cognitive repercussions but physical disabilities also. The ranges of the intellectual disability that they are experiencing can result in diminished ability to communicate and cognitive ability. The complexity of their disabilities can result in limited opportunities for self-determination and being excluded socially from society (Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003).A key challenge for a person with intellectual disabilities is to be seen as an individual that has the same rights and needs even though they have a greater de pendency on their care-givers because of their intellectual disability (Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003).Self-advocacy ModelSelf-advocacy can be employed for people with intellectual disabilities and that organisations need to support opportunities for self-determination in relation to their lives (Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003). Self-advocacy is defined as a process in which an individual, or group of people, speak or act on their own behalf in pursuit of their own needs and interests (Bateman, 200018). Key to self-advocacy is that the individual should have the skills that allow them to represent on their behalf (Woods, 2003).According to Bateman (200018) the most influential form of self-advocacy is that of collective advocacy where people with similar needs come together as a group to seek a particular outcome the sum of the whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts. The collective self-advocacy model has some of its roots in trade unionism where during the 1940s collective advocacy took place during the World War II to challenge the welfare system. cultured rights movements during the sixties in America drove collective self-advocacy regarding the rights for marginalised people (Bateman, 2000). As societies have modernised the concept of community has been lost to the splendour of the individual but collective self-advocacy is continually used by groups to bring change on a macro level (Bateman, 2000). joint self-advocacy is often the most effective form for people with intellectual disabilities in that for many as an individual standing alone the choices that they have are to agree to the operate on offer or have none (Whitehead and Hughey, 2004). Group self-advocacy is of importance to people with intellectual disabilities because it can provide the opportunities to gain skills in communication, change magnitude confidence and to express their view in relation to their rights and wishes (Woods, 2003). Shoultz (1992, cited in W oods, 2003) states that group advocacy can benefit people who do not have verbal communication skills to gain the confidence and skills to advocate for the group and themselves. An example of collective self-advocacy is People First, in Canada, People First have as a collective self-advocacy model challenged that no person with an intellectual disability will be forcibly required to be sterilised (Bateman, 2000). because in order to challenge discrimination that many people with disabilities have joined collective self-advocacy groups to fight social injustices (Whitehead and Hughey, 2004).The characteristics of collective self-advocacy are that the group share experiences and knowledge to work together to address injustices (Henderson and Pochin, 2002). Collective self-advocacy promotes action on a macro level so that the vast mass of the collective group will benefit from the collective action that is being advocated for (Bateman, 2000). Woods (200336) supports this by stating c ollective self-advocacy can directly change service within an organisation and can be a resource for transaction with the day-to-day issues of participants. An illustration of this in relation to the scenario of the day service could be that the individuals together agree that a change in service voice communication is required to enhance their independent living skills such as learning to operate the phones and participate as receptionists at the centre as a means to gain employment.There are different types of collective self-advocacy but the most common are the groups based in services (Woods, 200335). This is where the group is within a centre or service and generally amass during a calendar month to discuss issues that are of concern to the group members. A key worker or staff member may be needed to act as facilitator (Woods, 2003). A key aspect of self-advocacy in general is that it is driven by the person and in this way collective self-advocacy groups often represent a pa rticular issue or group (Henderson and Pochin, 2002). Organisations such as St. Michaels House and Enable Ireland have group self-advocacy within their organisations (Woods, 2003).Collective self-advocacy can often be the ground breaker in provision of advocacy services within an organisation (Woods, 2003). Collective self-advocacy could be viewed as a means to support inclusion and participation by encouraging person power to impact on service development in general and to promote changes in social policies (Whitehead and Hughey, 2004). In terms of participation levels group advocacy within an organisation would be higher than other forms of group self-advocacy (Woods, 2003).A criticism of collective or group self-advocacy in relation to people with intellectual disabilities could be that the term self-advocacy implies that the person is directly representing themselves. But that in reality this is often not the case as in order to self-advocate a person with intellectual disabili ties often requires a professional person to act as a support (Bateman, 2000).Also in relation to group self-advocacy within a service a criticism has been as to what degree are the choices do and available to the group members free from influence from the service and staff that may be facilitating the group advocacy meeting. Independent group self-advocacy away from the service has been suggested as a means to remove any potential service influence but that this may reduce the participation as it is not based within the service that is being used. some other criticism is that within the group self-advocacy that the focus can be based on the views and opinions of the most verbally expressive service users and therefore may not reflect the group as a whole (Woods, 2003). Also collective or group self-advocacy although initially established to challenge for collective needs or rights sometimes the group then becomes a service provider which would challenge its objectivity in relatio n to representation of wishes (Bateman, 2000).Citizen Advocacy Model some other advocacy model that is considered to be effective for people with intellectual disabilities is citizen advocacy (Woods, 2003). Citizen advocacy relates tothe persuasive and supportive activities of trained selected volunteers and co-ordinating staff. working on behalf of people with disabilities who are not in a good agency to exercise or defend their rights as citizens (Woods, 200340).Citizen advocacy is considered to be supportive of people with intellectual disabilities who are often more dependent on the services that they are utilising and often more dependent on other people to advocate on their behalf (Walmsley, 2002).Citizen advocacy developed in the 1960s in America with the civil rights movement (Bateman, 2001). It was developed into the disability heavens as a result of parents with children with disabilities observing that they received more relevant services when someone acted on their beh alf as an advocate (Bateman, 2000).OBrien (1987, cited in Bateman, 200024) suggests that citizen advocacy has at its core the concept of the valued citizen who is not paid and is not a member of a service provider organisation. Woods (200340) also supports the concept of the valued citizen as being someone who does not have a problem getting heard, working with a person who is discriminated against. Another element of citizen advocacy is that through citizen participation actively advocating for the wishes and rights of the person that they are in turn challenge traditional perceptions of people marginalised within society to have full inclusion and participation as all citizens (Woods, 2003).The characteristics of citizen advocacy are that the advocate is independent from the organisation or service that the person is using or attending, that the advocate is not a relative and is not paid for advocating (Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001). The nature of the needs of a person with prodigious disabilities would suggest that citizen advocacy is best met when the advocate can support in the long term (Woods, 200341). People with intellectual disabilities have varying levels of needs and degrees of intellectual disability and citizen advocacy could be considered to be supportive of people with intellectual disabilities who could be considered to have greater needs (Woods, 2003).This model and has its al-Qaeda in normalisation and social role valorisation (Walmsley, 200226). Normalisation being that people with disabilities should have opportunities to experience everyday occurrences (Walmsley, 2002). Examples of citizen advocacy are Ealing and Harrow Citizen Advocacy and the Galway Citizen Advocacy Project as cited by Woods, (2003). The importance of citizen advocacy in relation to social inclusion is that by working in partnership with the person with intellectual disabilities to have every day opportunities as other members of the general population tha t it can reduce exclusion through its concept of giving value to the person (Fyson and Ward, 2004). This can result in challenging the societal view that with disabilities are a homogeneous group (Butler and Forrest, 1991, cited in Bateman, 200025). Citizen advocacy can be a means of identifying gaps in service provision and challenge discrimination and social exclusion (Bateman, 2000). The advocate relationship develops over a long period of time and that this creates opportunities to consistently support the person with intellectual disabilities to build their skills and their self-belief (Woods, 2003).The citizen advocate has two functions one of representing the person and secondly to act as a social medium by the personal relationship that is established between the advocate and the person (Woods, 2003). The developed volunteering of time to create a relationship is an important aspect within citizen advocacy in that for many people with intellectual disabilities the range of social opportunities available to them may be more limited than other people with disabilities (Woods, 2003).A criticism of citizen advocacy is that because of its voluntary nature that the advocate can be viewed by services to not have the knowledge or expertise to fully advocate on behalf of the person with intellectual disabilities (Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001). Another criticism is that conflict in terms of obtaining needs and rights can be an element of advocacy and that an inability to understand the function of conflict to create change can prevent citizen advocacy being effective (Bateman, 2000). Some self-advocacy groups have criticised citizen advocacy that it is maintaining the dependency bias that society assumes in relation to people with intellectual disabilities (Henderson and Pochin, 2002). Citizen advocacy which is often employed as a model for people with intellectual disabilities has in its application supported that people with learning difficulties n eed the intervention of able-bodied advocates if their wishes are to be taken seriously (Pochin, 2002107). But citizen advocacy could be considered to be supportive of social inclusion by its concept of valuing all people and promoting community participation (Whitehead and Hughey, 2004). Another criticism is that citizen advocacy requires time and commitment from the advocate and that a challenge is to find citizens that have the time available to give (Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001).ConclusionIn conclusion advocacy should include that every individual should be listened to and to have an active part regarding the outcomes of their life (Woods, 2003). Advocacy has at its core the attainment of rights and needs (Bateman, 2000). Social inclusion could be considered to be supported by the principles of advocacy that promote empowerment and choice for people with intellectual disabilities (Woods, 2003). But for both advocacy models in relation to people with intellectual disa bilities the greatest challenge seems to be that of asserting their right whether moral or legal to avail of the everyday opportunities that the general population can experience (Forum of People With Disabilities, 2001). That society generally questions the ability of a person with intellectual disabilities to self-determine and this has impacted on the development of advocacy models for people with intellectual disabilities (Gray and Jackson, 2002). The provision of advocacy services for people with intellectual disabilities although attempting to challenge inequalities that unless people with disabilities have a legalised right to services that advocacy is meaningless without rights (Bateman, 200043). That by not enforcing rights regarding services and no proper recourse through the legal system because these services are not rights that advocacy cannot be truly effective in supporting social inclusion (Bateman, 2000). That enforcing rights to services would support the client b ecoming the consumer and could be an effective way of using advocacy to create social inclusion (Bateman, 2000). A challenge for both models is the funding required is often allocated to other supports and this can be contributed in some ways to the fact that advocacy is not universally defined and is not universally legislated for (Bateman, 2000).

Vietnam Is One Of The Developing Countries Tourism Essay

Vietnam Is 1 Of The Developing Countries Tourism EssayMGM raised(a) Ho ropeway shore is one of only the few large international players which argon given with permission for play casino unconscious process in Vietnam recently. In Vietnam, shimmer is put away a sensitive issue. On October 8 2012, Members of National Assemblys Standing perpetration debated a draft decree on electronic gambling for contradictoryers. Mr. Vuong Dinh Due, parson of Finance stated that this business was approved 20 age ago to entertain the demand of contradictoryers and suck more investment to the country. However, on that point ar some current regulations on licensing conditions were not suitable anymore with the approaching social-economic circumstance and some laws approved recently such as the investment funds Law or Enterprise Law. Most members of the Standing Committee back up the new decree, which specify only foreigners and Vietnamese mountain who hold foreign passports or forei gn residency permits ar allowed to join the swordplay usage (VIETNAMNET 2012). Moreover, in that respect was an another(prenominal) draft decree on casino worry released by Ministry of Finance stipulating that the foreign investors looking for a chance to surface new casinos must inject at least US$ 4 billion to the project and they can only receive the casino operation licenses after they finish project development (Tu Giang 2012).Despite all harsh rules and regulations from the government on this turn industry, galore(postnominal) projects are still on their way to set up or advance their scale of operations. In October 2012, Donaco Singapore which is controlled by two grandsons of Mr. Lim Goh Tong, the founder of Genting Berhad, has announced the share-sale agreement with Australian company Two Way Ltd. in the running of Lao Cai world-wide Hotel, a premises had been licensed of gambling function and located unaired to the border with China. The hotel operated success all-inclusivey which generated US$12.5 million of revenue and net winnings after-tax was US$6.2 million in 2011 (Ngoc Linh 2012). Other large players in this field are Silver Shores Hoang Dat Co. in Danang, Genting VinaCapital Co. in Hoi An, Royal planetary Co. in Lang Son and Hai Ninh Loi Lai Co. in Quang Ninh. Following a report by the Ministry of Finance, the revenue from prize electronics games has been risen gradually in recent years of around 10-15 per cent per annum and the total turnover in 2011 hit VND5 trillions (approximately US$ 240 millions) (Tran Thuy 2013). Meanwhile, ACDL started to kick off the second part of the MGM deoxyguanosine monophosphate Ho Tram Beach Project in October 2012 and Mr. Lloyd Nathan, chief executive officer of ACDL, was confident to say that MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach is the only one integrated safety with a major US brand actually opens in Asia during the attached five years (Linh Tu 2012).Together with the potential and economic benefits f rom the gaming sector, there are some social problems could be solved if the government very open the doors for the Vietnamese citizens to the casinos. In spite of the fact that gambling is ineligible in Vietnam, there are many people still draw participate in the underground gambling activities throughout the country. On November 29 2012, more than 200 police officers successfully caught over 100 gamblers and seized some(prenominal) billions Vietnamese Dong in the largest-ever gambling den in northern Vietnam. Local residents believed that this gambling den had operated for decades and attracted gamblers from many provinces in Northern Vietnam (Nhung 2012). Besides, many Vietnamese people have crossed the border to go to Cambodia for gambling. found on a survey by the Ministry of Public Securitys General surgical incision of Crime Prevention and Control, it was estimated that around 3,600 Vietnamese citizens go to Cambodia on gambling purpose daily, and it could rise up to 5, 000 on Saturdays (Tuoi Tre 2012). Naga Corp., the operator of a casino chain in Cambodia stated that 40% of their revenue came from Vietnamese (Tu Hoang 2012). It could be even worse if the gambler ran out of currency in Cambodian gambling premises and he/she was kept by the lenders. Some of them committed suicide after that because they had mortgaged their own life for the betting money (Thanh Nien 2012). All of these issues could be dealt if the government carefully considers allowing the Vietnamese nationals pass into the casino in domestic, so it is easier to control the gambler and reduce the negative impacts from amerciable gambling.The next part will focus on the operation cyclorama of MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach to see how they are qualifying to make profit from this project as well as the liabilities towards the nine and their stakeholders.MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach, located in the Ba Ria Vung Tau province, is the commencement exercise phase of Ho Tram skin complex to be managed and brand by MGM Resorts International. It consists of 541 luxury guestrooms and suites in a hotel tower and 13,600 square metres are of gaming space which lays down 90 tables and 500 electronic gaming machines. There are likewise a 4,000 square metres conference and conventionality center which features state-of-the-art audio/visual equipment and lighting facilities. In addition, MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach comfort its guests by a full range of nine world-class restaurants which serves various kinds of cuisine such as Vietnamese, Cantonese, Japanese, French and three differently designed bar, lounge and ultra-lounge. All other facilities such as spa, retail shopping areas and beach recreational activities which are expected in any destination resort are also available to entertain all visitors. The second tower of MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach contains 559 guestrooms and suites will bring the total room full complement to 1,100 (ACDL 2012). Compared to other gaming hubs in Asia suc h as Macau or Singapore, the extraordinary factor of this project is the site itself. It is one of stunning beauty-2.2km of beach. So whereas there are many resorts that are looking to create substitute beaches and artificial wave pools, we actually have the real thing on our doorstep, tell Mr. Nathan Lloyd, CEO of ACDL (Jalal 2012). This is the wonderful place appeal to people to take their family vacation. Although the gaming sector is expected to have higher contribution to the revenue of the resort, non-gamers are still the important target. Within around 8 million Vietnamese people visiting Ba Ria Vung Tau province annually and many people go there as a weekend getaway, MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach with excellent non-gaming amenities would be the best pick of destination (ACDL 2012). On the gaming side, premium players are expected to come from places such as Mainland China, Korea, Japan, Thailand and India as well. There are around 6 million foreign tourists come to Vietnam an nually and many expatriates living in Vietnam would be the main source markets for the casino operation. The other source could be about 3.5 million Vietnamese people oversea who hold foreign passports or foreign residency permits and tend to come back to Vietnam at the Lunar New Year (Jalal 2012). Another key factor which could attract both gaming and non-gaming visitors to MGM Grand Ho Tram beach is the well-known(a) MGM tradition of performances and live concerts around the year. These various activities would happen in many different places inside the resort such as ballroom, bar, ultra-lounge and beachside. The Greg Norman designed 18-hole Championship golf course which is expected to be completed in this year could be also the favorite destination of many very important person guests as well as golf players in the Asia region (Van 2012).In the other hand, MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach puts a smashing concern to its staffs and the topical anaesthetic community. ACDL has created a round 4,000 construction jobs and hired 2,000 people to flirt in the first phase of the MGM Grand Ho Tram. Mr. John Shigley, hot seat and COO of MGM Grand Ho Tram, said the knowledge programs would focus on the local market and be ongoing for the management and staff hired. subsequently that, all staffs would receive extensive training in computer skills, lyric poem skills, customer service and all technical aspects of their jobs (Van 2012). MGM Resorts International also offered training and curriculum to many young Vietnamese students in a bet of colleges and universities in Vietnam to work and make a strong start for their career (Jalal 2012). Beside the career development, MGM has some of the most strict and rigorous regulations and standards to monitor the gambling in casinos. MGM is interested in creating a regulated, secure and safe surround for gamers. There are measures would be taken to ensure only persons who could decent game would be allowed to do so. Whether Vi etnamese can play or not depends on the laws of Vietnam, but we only allow foreigners, said CEO Nathan Lloyd (Tu Giang 2012). Asian Coast Development Limited, the owner of this Ho Tram Strip project, has shown its social responsibilities by many activities such as donation of 10 houses to Xuyen Moc Commune to improve the life of disadvantaged people in the local community. In October 17 2009, the Company visited and aided the flood victims in Quang Ngai nation with VND360 million in funds directly to the families worst affected by the storm. Also in October 2009, ACDL held a party for Ho Chi Minh Citys Dieu Giac orphans asylum after funding to provide an entirely new roof to the schooldays and supply new recreational facilities for 126 children in this centre (ACDL 2012).

Installation And Configuration Of Honeyd Computer Science Essay

Inst altogetheration And Configuration Of H unityyd Computer Science EssayAs an blustering Source solution h matchlessyd does non offer either sup bearing or Graphical User Interface for insertation or form. The source decree should be downloaded on the h iyd host, get compiled and the binary and configuration shows of h angiotensin-converting enzymeyd be installed. thusly the Honeyd binary record could be run from the demand line sprightly of the Linux system of rules apply. A second more efficient way is to install the Honeyd package as root with the control conditionsudo apt-get install honeydTo function decently, honeyd requires alike the adjacent libraries to be installedlib all the samet a softw atomic routine 18 library providing asynchronous singing for characterslibnet a sortable framework/library expendd for cyberspace softwargon package constructionlibpcap a framework employ for capturing packets passing with a netHoneyd comes with numerous b ridge players pen in the script languages Python and Perl by both NielsProvos and early(a) contri howeverors which butt joint be apply to copy services on the hold ports in the realistic king proteas.Although installing and running honeyd might calculate quite simple, it is a particularly complicated parcel prick with a cooking stove of controller line parameters affecting its behavior. After being correctly installed on our system, the following pretermit is used to start honeydhoneyd -p /etc/honeyd/nmap.prints -d -f /etc/honeyd/honeyd_thesis.confIn the following, the high schooler up parameters used argon explained in detail 1. The first command honeyd instructs the Linux mall to execute the honeyd binary commove. The -p fingermarks choice gives the pathname of the Nmap fingerprint read (here nmap.prints) which curtails the Nmap signature entropybase that honeyd uses to imitate various operate systems at the network stack. This get out dictate how honeyd entrust be leave towards flack catcherers depending on the emulated operating system. The -d flag allows honeyd to run in correct mode with all the messages getting printed on the current terminal. This mode sewer be useful when testing honeyd and its functionality on the fly. Omitting this flag entrust father honeyd to run as a daemon process in the background. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) important command line parameter which is not used supra is the -i flag. This flag is used when the manikinr system hosting the virtual king proteas has more than one network port wines. In this case, the -i flag should be used to denote which interface or interfaces entrust be the ones receiving network traffic for the virtual honeypots.Finally, the -f command line parameter is probably the nearly important one as it lies at the heart of the honeyd configuration. The -f flag gives honeyd the path name for the configuration institutionalise (here honeyd_thesis.conf) where all entr opy virtually the virtual honeypots be kept much(prenominal) as which operating systems are used and which services should be emulated on to each one honeypot. Honeyds configuration file is a simple straightforward text-based file with a context-free-grammar configuration language which chthonicside be described in Backus-Naur Form (BNF). Although quite straightforward, it offers a wide variety of options when it comes to configuring the virtual honeypots. Its of import role is to specify which are the IP spread overes on which the virtual hosts entrust be running waiting for the approachingers probes and what services should be emulated on each one of them.Templates constitute the core of the configuration files for virtual honeypots 3. Honeyd works via the groundwork of templates which describe and simulate specific computer systems settle up in outstanding detail. The first step taken to create a virtual honeypot is to create a identical template which provide specify the shaping characteristics of the honeypot like the simulated operating system, the ports on which the honeypot will see and the services being emulated. After that, an IP bid will be assigned to the template bringing up the honeypot and operating at that specific network holler. The command to create a rude(a) template is create and the parameter entered should be a name relation to the system intended to be simulated. Each template should kick in a different name. A different parameter that seat be used is the default one. This female genital organ be used in case honeyd does not find any template matching the destination IP savoir-faire of a packet and it is preferred when in that respect is a pauperisation for naming a group of IP scoreresses under a common template rather than assigning each template to a fantastic address. interest the creation of a template, the configuration commands define how the virtual honeypot will be live with. The set and add c ommands are used to shape the behavior of the configured honeypot. The first characteristic to be defined by the set command is the operating system or genius from the Nmapfingerprint database which will dictate how the computer system will be arrest at the IP network stack. The personality indicates the form of the responses honeyd will be sending back on with early(a) details such as the transmission control protocol sequence numbers, the TCP timestamps and other. It gutter be chosen from a great number and variety of noteworthy operating systems like Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Cisco IOS, etc.The set command enkindle likewise determine the default behavior of the template regarding the back up network protocols (TCP, UDP, ICMP), i.e. how the template reacts to probes at ports which are unassigned. The action taken ass take three options yield this signifies that all ports for the particular network protocol are open by default. This setting applies only to TCP and UDP familiaritys evade this indicates that the ports will ignore any entry data links and packets directed to them will be dropped by default.Reset this means that all ports for the specified protocol are closed by default. For a TCP port, honeyd will reply with a TCP RST packet to a SYN packet whereas for a UDP port with a UDP-port unreachable message.Finally, honeyd gives the option to spoof the uptime of a host, referring to the duration of time since the system was first booted. The set uptime command does exactly that. If no uptime is defined, honeyd assumes an arbitrary apprize up to 20 days.Following the set command is the add set of commands. The add commands constitute the center of the template as they are the ones which refer what applications will be running on each port and which are the services that stooge be removedly accessed by the outside world. The sentence structure of the add command requires to specify the network protocol, the number of the port and an appropriate action. As we see in the above configuration, the options open, block and reset that are used for the default behavior of the template dissolve to a fault be used on a per-port basis. The important difference here is that obscure from just opening or closing ports, predefined scripts passel be called and emulate different services on different ports. This possibility of integrating scripts written in programming languages within the honeyd configuration gives virtual honeypots a high degree of realism. A realistic service to which an adversary can let out can grant much more detailed information closely an assaulter. Apparently, the more scripts running on ports, the higher the possibilities for interacting with attackers.The following spokesperson from our configuration file starts a telnet simulator service for TCP connections on port 23add Linux1 tcp port 23 /usr/share/honeyd/scripts/unix/linux/suse8.0/telnetd.shWhen a contrary hosts attempt s to establish connection with the above Linux1 template-personality on port 23, honeyd will induce a new process executing the weighing machine script ./telnetd.sh. The script is receiving input data via stdin and it is sending replies back to the sender via its stdout. Apart from TCP connections, scripts can also be used to interact with remote users through UDP connections. Important to mention is that when honeyd receives a new connection on one of its honeypots port, it forks (starts) a new process which will execute the specified script. This can be at times quite risky as it can lead to a performance bottleneck if the virtual honeypots get overwhelmed with network traffic, e.g. if deployed in a busy network 1.The give out command which should be useed to configure thrivingly the virtual honeypot is the bind command whose role is to bind the created template with the IP address on which it will be operating virtually.The Ethernet option for the set command can be used t o assign explicitly a unique mack address to each configured template. As mentioned earlier, physical addresses are essential for network communication and via proxy ARP the honeyd host can reply with its own MAC address to the ARP requests regarding the honeypots. A disadvantage of this is that attackers can easily realize the worldly concern of virtual machines as all the IP addresses of the honeypots will relate to one MAC address. Using the set ethernet command, this risk is wiped out and no need for configuring proxy ARP exists as honeyd takes care of all the ARP agencys 1. Attention should be given to avoid any MAC address collisions when assigning them to the virtual hosts, as physical addresses should be unique for every system.2.2.5. Honeyd Logging Information throngThe Honeyd framework comes with a built-in mechanism for gathering information regarding the connection attempts launched from adversaries targeting the virtual honeypots. Honeyd has the might to populate files with enterarithm information for both connection attempts by attackers and established connections for all protocols. The command used to log the network activity concerning the virtual honeypots is the followingemailprotected/etc/honeypot$ honeyd -p /etc/honeyd/nmap.prints -d -f /etc/honeyd/honeyd_thesis.conf -l thesis.logThe -l command line option enables the packet-level log in honeyd. It only takes one parameter and this is the log file that will be used to create the connection logs. In this case, the log filethesis.log. It is important that the directory in which the log file resides, should have the permission to be writable by the user who is running honeyd. The log file contains information nearly the time a connection was attempted, the source IP address and port of the attacker attempting to connect, the destination IP address and port of the virtual honeypot under attack, the protocol involved and if the attempt is successful and the connection ultimately establ ishes, the starting and ending point of the connection in time along with other information like the full number of bytes transmitted.The packet-level log files can be extremely useful when used in combination with data mining tools. They can offer a great deal of utile information regarding the connection attempts launched by adversaries. Scripts written in Perl, Python or other programming languages can extract useful information and statistics from the log files such as the number of IP addresses probing our virtual honeypots on a daily basis, a list with the most common ports to be attacked and other data giving an insight on the scanning activity of the virtual hosts from the potential attackers. This kind of log files can get extremely spacious over time and care should be taken regarding the processing capabilities of the data mining tools used in each case.Apart from packet-level log, the option for service-level logging is also provisioned by honeyd 1. Whereas packet-lev el logging gives a general view of the general network traffic handled by the virtual honeypots, service-level log files give a more detailed view on the ongoing sessions. When scripts emulating services on different ports are used in honeypots and these scripts have additional logging capabilities, a great deal of enkindle information can be attained about the attackers activities and methods they use to take a system under their control.2.2.6. Significance of HoneydAs an Open Source low-interaction honeypot, honeyd introduces a great range of interesting features as those were mentioned previously. Being an Open Source software tool indicates that its distribution is free and anyone can have access to the source computer regulation 3. This means that individuals and groups belonging to the network warrantor community can produce and contribute to its source code adding more emulated services which will cleanse the interaction level amid the attacker and the virtual honeypo ts providing us with even more information about the methods they use to break into systems. Over the come throughing(a) years we can expect an exponential rise in our ability to capture cattish behavior via honeyd. On the other hand, being an Open Source solution, honeyd does not offer any support for primary(prenominal)tenance or troubleshooting from an official source.As a low-interaction honeypot honeyd is underlyingally deployed as a production honeypot used to detect and capture network attacks. No real complete operating system is offered but adversaries are special(a) to the network services emulated by the scripts. As such, honeyd introduces a low risk to organizations for their overall security when introduced 3. A recognized by the attacker honeypot becomes useless, so camouflaging honeyd is an yield that should be addressed. Xinwen Fu et al. have shown that an adversary can fingerprint honeyd through measuring the latency of the links simulated and proposed a cam ouflaged honeyd capable of behaving like its surrounding network environment .Another issue to be addressed is the scripts emulating network services in honeyd. These need to be written by hand and as a result not so many scripts exist. CorradoLeita et al. have proposed a method which can relieve this issue by automatically creating new scripts . Finally, the fact that no warn built-in mechanism exists in honeyd as well as that only command-line interface is offered are two shortcomings of its design. Chao-His Yeh et al. in their work have proposed a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for honeyd offering a variety of interesting features .2.3. genus genus genus genus DionaeaDionaea is an open source low interaction honeypot that can be go on categorized into the class of malware collector honeypots. The arrest of these low interaction honeypots is to create vulnerabilities on specific services, in ordering to attract malware exploiting the network and if possible, capture and dow nload a copy of the malware.As nowadays the number of malware attacks is increasing, these copies could be very useful for monitoring and analyzing in a safe environment the behavior of a malware and finding support security solutions. In literature, two ways of malware compendium have been proposed , unmoving and dynamic analysis. As their names suggest, static analysis is simply the procedure of reading the code and trying to figure out the intention of the malware, age dynamic analysis includes the execution of the code of malware in a skillful manner. Usually, these two types of analysis are combined and the output of the static analysis can be very useful for the dynamic one.The collected malware copies are usually stored in the form of a binary file. Malware collectors such as Dionaea can download a great amount of binaries although in most cases these files may represent the same malware. A binary should have different MD5 hash in order to be characterized as unique . Fr om the perspective of detection, two types have been proposed detection of existing malware based on patterns or samples and zero-day detection schemes. Zero-day malware is defined as a malicious software which is not detected by anti- virus programs due to lack of existing virus signatures or other malware detection techniques .Dionaea is usually referred as genus Nepenthes successor. The main improvements on the features of the new malware collector compared to Nepenthes include 18the protocol implementation in python scripting languagethe use of libemu library for cause code detection instead of pattern matching which requires a copy of the shell code, thus making extremely hard the detection of zero-day malwaresupport for ipv6 addresses and TLS encodingdevelopment of the VOIP module2.3.1. Features of DionaeaAs mentioned above, Dionaea developers used python to implement the network protocols. This selection allows for an easier implementation compared to C language for insta nce. However, the main sympathy for this choice was to deal with the new generation of malware that utilize API to access services.SMB is the basic protocol supported by Dionaea. The SMB (Server Message Block) protocol works on port 445 and is used from Windows operating systems for file and printer sharing over TCP. Akamais internet report for the second and third quarter of 2012 (figure 3), shows that port 445 was the most targeted port at this period, as it attracted some one third of the total network attack traffic.Attack-traffic-of-top-ports.jpg persona . Percentage of global internet attack traffic during the 2nd and 3rd quarter of 2012, by targeted ports 24The SMB protocol has cognize vulnerabilities and it is a common target especially for worms. That is the reason for which it has been selected by the developers of Dionaea as the main protocol and, as it will be shown in the following chapter, most of the captured copies of malware originated from that port.Other impo rtant protocols that Dionaea supports are the followingHTTP and fearless HTTP (HTTPS) are also supported on port 80FTP, although the possibility of an attack to an ftp service is rather low.Dionaea supports ftp protocol on port 21. It implements an ftp legion which can create directories and also upload/download filesTFTP, tftp waiter is provided on port 69 and is en upshotd to check the udp connection codeMSSQL, Dionaea also emulates a Microsoft SQL server on port 1433. Attackers are able to login to the server but as there is no real database provided by Dionaea, there is no further interactionMYSQL, Dionaea also implements Mysql wire stream protocol on port 3306SIP, as mentioned above a new module for supporting VOIP was added to Dionaea. The VoIP protocol implemented is SIP. The operation of this module consists in waiting for incoming SIP messages, logging all data and replying accordingly to the requests. Only when malicious messages are detected, Dionaea passes the code to the emulation engine.2.3.2. Operation of DionaeaThe main function of Dionaea is to detect and analyze the offered payload of the attacker in order to gain a copy of the malware. To succeed this, Dionaea offers different ways of interaction with the attacker. For example, it can provide a command actuate cmd.exe window to the attacker and react accordingly to the input commands or use the URLDownloadToFileapi to get a file through http. If the previous operation is successful, Dionaea should know the location of the file that the attacker tries to send and attempts to download the file. angiotensin converting enzyme very interesting feature of Dionaea is that it can send the downloaded file to a third party for further analysis than simply storing it on disk.Dionaea is also a great monitoring tool. It records all the activities on the ports it listens but also keeps record of connections to other ports. All these enter data are kept in a log file in text format. Although we can choose the format of the log file, for instance click the log messages or sort the events from the most fresh to the least recent ones, it is still quite difficult to read and gain useful information. Therefore, Dionaea creates ansqlite database with all the recorded activities and makes it easier for the user to make queries and obtain useful information from the honeypot.From the log file we can retrieve useful data to go out the operation of the honeypot. Dionaea records three types of connections reject, accept and connect. Connection attempts to the ports that Dionaea does not listen are marked as reject. On the other hand, attempts to monitored ports are marked as either connect or accept. In any case, Dionaea records in the log file and additionally in the sqlite database, expensive information about these connections such as the timestamp of the connection, the IP addresses of the local and remote host and the corresponding ports and protocols.Except of the information about the connections, Dionaea also keeps in database other significant tables such as download tables which contain information about the id of the connection, the url from which the malware was downloaded and also the downloaded md5 hash.2.3.3. Installation and Configuration of DionaeaThe installation of Dionaea requires round basic knowledge of Linux operating systems, as it is important to install all the required dependencies first but there are useful and detailed book of instructions in the official collection plate page too.Dionaea is a flexible software tool and can be easily configured according to our needs by slewing the configuration file. More specifically, in the configuration file we can edit the followingWe can counterchange the directory of the log file and more significantly we can flash back the amount of the produced data. By default, Dionaea records every event in the log file. We can filter the output data by changing the levels value from all to only wa rning, error for example. Dionaea writes the last event at the end of the log file. Thus, it is really useful to outflank this behavior in logging member, so that the last event can be read at present at the first line of the log file.Moreover, we can modify the path of the downloaded binaries and bi-streams cusps. Bi-directional streams allow us to replay an attack that Dionaea captured on IP-level. As we mentioned above, with Dionaea we can submit directly the downloaded malware to third parties for further analysis. In the submit section of the configuration file, we can edit all these details. One more interesting feature is that we can manually configure the IP range that Dionaea can listen to and also add ipv6 addresses. By default, Dionaea listens to all the IP addresses it can find.Finally, we can configure the modules section which is considered the most significant of the configuration files. The modules section includes a list of services which Dionaea supports and we can enable or disable some of them. For instance, we can enable and edit the pcap module if we privation to keep information about rejected connection attempts or additionally, if we are interested in the operating system of the attackers, we can enable the p0f service.2.4. KippoKippo is a medium interaction honeypot which emulates an SSH server. It provides an interaction shell to the intruder bandage monitoring and recording all the activities. Furthermore, it is designed to monitor woman chaser force attacks.Secure shell (SSH) is a network protocol which provides encrypted communication between two devices. SSH allows users to gain access to remote devices through a shell or interactive command line in a secure manner. The port used by SSH protocol by default is 22 23. In most cases, a customer can access an SSH server by entering a valid username and password through an SSH client tool. From that perspective, SSH servers are vulnerable to password attacks.Especially SSH dictionary or wildcat well force attacks are very common and quite easy to be launched even by unqualified attackers. These types of attacks are based on the fact that many users choose their credentials from a small domain . Thus, brute force attacks try all the possible username and password combinations until the correct one is prove, in an automated way. This attribute could be very useful for SSH server honeypot implementations. In order to have as many successful logins as possible in our SSH honeypot, it is preferred to choose credentials that cuss on automated dictionary attack tools.Ciscos white paper about SSH login activity shows that for a total of approximately 1,56 million login attempts, username root was used almost in 35 percent of all cases. The following figure depicts the 10 most used usernames according to the results of the research conducted by Cisco.cisco.jpgFigure . Top 10 attempted usernames 28In addition, other surveys , give some interesting informati on about the most commonly used passwords in connection attempts. The top password combinations include variations of the username such as username or username123 and passwords like 123456 or even password. The results about the usernames used are almost the same like the ones in Ciscos research.2.4.1. Features of KippoKippo is implemented in python language. As we mentioned above, Kippo basically emulates an SSH server on port 22 and logs all login attempts to that port. Whenever a login is successful, Kippo monitors all the input commands of the attacker and replies to these commands in order to convince the attacker that she interacts with a real system. A list of the available commands can be found in Kippos directory.More specifically, the features of Kippo includea fake file system. The attacker can add or remove files with the appropriate commandKippo saves files that have been downloaded by the attacker with the command wget, in a specific secured folderKippo gives the abil ity to the attacker to add fake file contents, using for example the cat commandprovides fake output for some specific commands such as vi, useradd, etc.tries to fool the attacker with some reactions to specific commands, for instance exit command does not work, which means that the attacker thinks that has disconnected but still can be monitored by kippo.all the sessions are recorded and can be easily replayed with the initial timestampsall records are kept in an sql database.2.4.2. Operation of KippoKippo records all the useful information in a log file but also in ansql database. The main tables of the database includeauthentication table, containing information about the login attempt, the timestamp of the attempt and also the usernames and passwords that have been usedclient table, which contains information about the SSH client version that has been usedinput table, with information about the input commands that have been entered. Also, in that table we have information about the session id, the timestamp and additionally if the command was successful or notsessions table, containing information about the id of the connection, the duration and timestamp of the connection and the IP address of the attackersensors table providing information about the ssh server and the IP address of the hostfinally, the ttylog table which, as mentioned above, contains information about how to replay sessions with the corresponding timestamps2.4.3. Installation and Configuration of KippoThe installation of Kippo is quite easy if someone follows the instructions of the place page and installs the latest version of the software. In the configuration file of Kippo we can customize the honeypot according to our needs. We can edit the IP of the host if we want to change the default which is 0.0.0.0 and also the listening port which is by default 2222.Port 2222 is an alternate port and may be quite useful for testing purposes but as long as most ssh attacks are detected on port 22, this choice would reduce the number of recorded attempts. Thus, it is necessary to change the default port to 22. To succeed this, we need root privileges to the system but this is not recommended due to security reasons. Instead, port redirection can be used as proposed in Kippos home page or by using other existing solutions, such as authbind .In addition, in the configuration file we can change the name of the user in the interaction shell. By default, it is sales, which is quite sweet to attackers. Furthermore, we can set the desired password for our server. By default, it is 123456 which as we have shown above, it is included in dictionary attacks and could guarantee a large number of successful logins. Besides that, Kippo creates a dedicated password database, where we can add more valid passwords. Also, some other configurations include the directories of important folders such as the downloaded folder, a fake file system folder and password and input data storage folde rs. Finally, we can edit the credentials in order to connect Kippo log files with the sql database

Domestic Violence in the Black Community: Policy Analysis

municipalated power in the Black familiarity insurance AnalysisBehind Closed Doors An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Law and insurance in Cases of Severe interior(prenominal) ferocity in the Black CommunityIntroductionOver the last decade there have been an increase number of lineaments of liveliness-threatening interior(prenominal) frenzy that have resulted in fault and even the death of one or more parties. The researcher has highlighted a gap in topical research into the usefulness of policy in cases of domestic military unit. This gap is just aboutly due to the relationship between domestic vehemence and the law being difficult to measure because very lots the criminal events that take place, such as assault, occur in spite of appearance the retire manpowert of private homes. Furthermore, research suggests that people who experience domestic violence are less imparting to report their experiences, or talk about them by and by due to feelings of in adequacy, guilt, and fear (Davis and Krane, 2006). domesticated violence in the black friendship has been recognised as being less liable(predicate) to be describe mainly because women and young people do not wish to imperil the stability of their position within their community. Women from Afri stack Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or almosttimes indeterminate, time frame.MethodologyThe research hypothesis focuses on the premise that despite recent amendments to the law the law is not effective enough in preventing the perpetrators of domestic violence from seriously harming others in the home. An overview of current law and policy concerning domestic violence volition highlight the accept for the government to work more closely with social services in order to better protect women and churlren who experience domestic violence.Research focuses on inner-city areas in the UK, where black communities are most established specifically on parental relationships and parents relationships with their children, and how the law seeks to protect these relationships. Using journal articles and research conducted within the last decade, patterns of domestic abuse will be examined and reasons why some cases are more severe than others will be analysed. The case studies will explore individual accounts of domestic violence. Throughout the dissertation research will be placed into a relevant theoretical framework, informed by studies on criminological theory concerning domestic violence and the law studies on social work theory concerning violence within the home, and the degree of zephyr within individual experiences of domestic violence (eg McGee, 1997 and 2000).Literature ReviewDomestic violence has been defined asa continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and familiar assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.(Department of wellness DoH 2000)In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children nookie pose victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and close to three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept of Health, 2003). cry and violence whitethorn be physical, emotional, mental, monetary or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic, yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the realism over (British Medical Association BMA 1999).While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the normal eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degradation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse faculty be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime.Government indemnityThe Domestic strength, offence and Victims Act 2004 ( national military post, 2005)Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene ( home(a) Office 2000).Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim indispensability not appear in court, but her statement used instead.The protection from Harassment Act 1997Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence. Crown Prosecution come (2005)Domestic Violence National Action Plan (http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-viole nce/)The Domestic Violence, offence and Victims Act (2004) (http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/domestic-violence/)Support OrganisationsThere are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. safety provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence HelplineCommunity efforts, such as the Peace Week.1Womens AidNational aggregate for Domestic Violence (http//www.ncdv.org.uk/)Case StudiesOne of the critical debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of acquiring used to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life. An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view. (Unknown author. http//www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.The purpose of the case studies will be to expose the difficulties involved in cases of domestic violence, egInterpreters can be used to help report cases of DV, but involving a troika party in a womans private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, just now some speak out about domestic violence.psychological effect of domestic violence, such as blame, guilt (Davis and Krane, 2006)For migrant women there exists a fear that separation from family will not allow them to stay in the UK, and they experience the threat that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (Greenwich Multi-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003)The problem of law enforcementStatisticsstatistical research will need work such as The Home Off ice survey 2004 (findings from the 2001 British curse Survey), and Domestic Violence A Resource Manual for Health manage Professionals, by The Department of Health, 2000.Analysis of Results and Theoretical ApproachesResults will be analysed and compared to other relevant studies. The analysis will be placed in the context of criminology theory concerning domestic violence, such as general strain theory and angry aggression theory. This section will also shed from Criminology Theory, Research, and Policy by Vito et al (2006).ConclusionResearch will rail to validate the main hypothesis namely that recent amendments to law and policy concerning domestic violence have contributed to further protecting women and children. Yet there remain situations where the law sometimes cannot be enforced it is thus master(prenominal) that victims of domestic violence can access 24 hour reinforcer from their service providers, and that local authorities become more involved in helping to combat domestic violence.BibliographyBallou, M, Margolin, A., Youga, J., 2002, Voices of Violence A Study of priapic Adolescent Aggression. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development. Volume 41. Issue 2. P. 215+.British Medical Association (BMA), 1999, Domestic Violence a Health Care Issue? BMA LondonCrown Prosecution Survey, Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence. (2005) online. functional fromhttp//www.cps.gov.uk/publications/docs/DomesticViolencePolicy.pdfAccessed 09/10/08Davis, S.P. Fantuzzo, J.W.,1989, The effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behaviour of withdrawn and aggressive maltreated preschool children. Journal of Family Violence, 4Davis, L., and Krane, J., 2006, fall in with Caution protecting children, helping mothers. Critical Social Policy. 26. 412. Available online from http//csp.sagepub.com/cgi/ centre/abstract/26/2/412. Accessed 07/10/08Department of Health, Domestic Violence A Resource Manual for Health Care Profes sionals. DoH, London. March 2000Fantuzzo, J.W., and Mohr, W.K., 1999, preponderance and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence. The Future of Children. Vol 9. 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Home Office Statistical Bulleting, Issue 19.96. Home Office, London 1996.McGee, C., 2000, Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence. London Jessica KingsleyMcGee, C., 1997, Childrens Experiences of Domestic Violence, Child and Family Social Work, 2Memon, K., Wife Abuse in the Muslim Community, Belfast Islamic Centre http//www.khyber.demon.co.uk/comfort/articles/abuse/htmAccessed 09/10/08McGibbon, A. and Kelly, L., Abuse of Women in the Home Advice and Information. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. London 1989.Piaget, 1962, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Gategno, C., (transltr). virgin York W. W. Norton.Richardson J., Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Wai Shan Chung, Moorey, S., and Feder, G., 2002, Identifying domestic violence cross sectional study in first-string care. BMJ. February 2 324(7332) 274Shipway, L, 2004, Domestic Violence A Handbo ok for Health Professionals. newborn York RoutledgeUnknown author, Domestic Violence within the Black Community. 2as1.Net. 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